Bridgeton Case And Industries - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 461 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Bridgeton Case Bridgeton Industries is faced with a difficult decision. Manifolds have been their most profitable product but based off of their recently developed classifications for products it has fallen to the lowest class. The lowest class is then designated to be outsourced. There are many implications for the decision to stop making manifolds. If they eliminate them they are losing almost half of their sales totals ($226,542-$93,120= $133,422). This would then in turn drastically reduce the factory profit from $63,501 to negative profit. Outsourcing the manifolds would just create a similar problem for the remaining products that the manifolds experienced. Since mufflers and oil pans were discontinued the direct labor on manifolds took up a much greater percentage. Therefore since overhead is based off direct labor, more overhead was allocated to manifolds. If the manifolds were eliminated the labor would be more directed to fuel tanks and doors. Then more overhe ad will be allocated to those products and essentially they will be soon deemed unprofitable and pushed down to class III. The problem with using a single overhead pool is that we aren’t able to see what overhead costs are directly related to each product. The second problem is that overhead is based off of direct labor. The more labor costs the products have the more overhead that is being allocated to them. The profits from manifolds for 1990 are: Sales Revenue$93,120 Direct Material$35,725 Direct Labor$6,540 Overhead$36,820 Gross Profit$14,820 This gross profit is a significant decrease from the previous year. Although sales for manifolds have increased from 1989 to 1990 so have many other things. Direct materials have increased because stainless steel has a high cost. Direct labor has increased because they were using people that were in the retaining job pool formed by the union to time the lines so they could observe operations and create â€Å"uptime reports. This increase in labor wasn’t necessarily specific to manifolds but since ACF uses one overhead pool the costs were still allocated to manifolds. It is of my opinion that the ACF should not discontinue manifolds. If the projections are correct the demand for stainless steel manifolds would increase dramatically and it would just be foolish for them to eliminate a product that could very well become extremely profitable for them in the near future. Not only are accounting for almost half the sales profits right now but they are what seems to me the one product with the most potential for growth. If I were a manager at ACF I would try to work out a better system to allocate overhead and work harder to specifically allocate overhead to the product they are affecting. Once this happens there will most likely be a significant difference in the gross profits they find for each product. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bridgeton Case And Industries" essay for you Create order

The rules of international law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2550 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Although there is no rule of stare decisions in international law, the role of judicial decisions in establishing both customary international law and general principles of law has meant that a defacto rule of precedent has now emerged. The rules of international law are created primarily by states for their own purpose. In a nutshell international law is meant to regulate activities between sovereign states. However, in recent times, the scope of international has expanded and now includes international organisations and non state actors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The rules of international law" essay for you Create order The most cogent argument for the existence of international law as a system of law is that members of the international community recognise that there exists a body of rules binding upon them as law.[1] In short, there is not much that is done in the international arena that is not regulated by international law and international law now governs certain aspects of relations between distinct units within a sovereign state, such as the territories of federal Canada or the devolved regions of the United Kingdom.[2] International law has developed and grown tremendously over the years. The rules of international law are being adhered to everyday and it is now normal to obey and respect international law. International law is no longer seen as a set of principles that states can flout at will. However, despite all the progress made by international law in recent years, a lot still remains to be done. International law is very fascinating and very complex. International law is not an adversarial system of law; many of its rules have evolved from the practice of states and often this do not stipulate rigid obligations or confer overriding legal rights.[3] Stare decisions is the doctrine of law, that stipulates, that previous court decisions establish a binding precedent for cases of similar facts or situations.[4] There is no rule of stare decision in international law, whereby it is made obligatory for a court to follow its previous decisions.[5] However, the International Court of Justice as well as international tribunals do examine previous decisions and may take them in to consideration when taking decision on a matter before it.[6] This in no small measure helps to promote judicial consistency.[7] This essay will discuss the following question; ‘although there is no rule of stare decisions in international law, the role of judicial decisions in establishing both customary international law and general principles of law has meant that a defacto rule of precedent has now emerged’. I will start by taking a brief look at the history and role of international law. Role and history of international law International law is a system of law that governs relationship between states as well as other international legal person or organisations. Public international law deals with the conduct and structure of states and other international organisations. The evolution of the international community can be divided in to four stages. The peace of Westphalia is often citied as being the birth of the modern nation states establishing states as sovereigns answering to no one within its own boarders. The first stage can be classified as the period from the 16th century to the 17th century. This is the period that modern nation states rose. The rise of modern nation states enhanced the rise of modern international law, before then the Church and the Emperor were the supreme authorities. Some commentators assert that internat ional law developed to deal with new states arising after the peace of Westphalia. Some other commentators argue that the lack of influence of the Pope and the Catholic Church gave rise to the need for new generally accepted coded in Europe. The second stage can be classified as the period leading up to and including the First World War. After the First World War, the nations of the world decided to form an international body. The then president of the United States of America, Woodrow Wilson came up with the idea of a League of Nations. However the League of Nations failed for various reasons, the least not being the lack of cooperation amongst member states and its inherent institutional deficiencies. The third stage can be classified as the period the United Nations was founded to the end of the cold war. The then president of the United States, F.D Roosevelt on January 1 1942 issued a Declaration by the United Nations, on behalf of 26 nations, that had pledged to fight aga inst the axis powers. On October 24 1945, the United Nations officially came in to existence. Modern international law is often affirmed as a product of modern European civilization. The European Communities that came in to existence in the aftermath of the Second World, had the main trust for the creation of the EU, to a large extent, from its desire not to repeat the mistakes made by the victorious powers in the inter-war years and the recognition and the need for mutual interdependence by Western European States.[8] Where as the concern of international law deals with maintenance of international peace and security; world trade and development; ensuring that the human rights and dignity of people are respected; environmental issues and use of common air space, sea and Antarctica among other concerns. The third stage can be classified as the period the cold war ended to this present day. International law has continued to evolve. International law operates alongside with int ernational politics and diplomacy. Today international law touches on many aspects of our lives ranging from economics, human rights, labour law, environment and even consumer protection and legal order. However, it appears that international law was modelled in such a way as to legitimise, codify and protect the interest of great powers and respect for law in international law appears to be made dependent on power.[9] The United Nations represents the general interest of the World Community and is completely independent from any government or body. The United Nations acts as the guardian of so many international multilateral and bilateral treaties. The Security Council under the Charter of the United Nations may carry out enforcement action against a state when the state poses a threat to world peace or has committed an act of aggression or breach of peace.[10] The United Nations has the responsibility of ensuring that the other institutions and the Member States observe their i nternational law obligations. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and the International Criminal Court, which deals with individuals that have committed grave violations of international law, particularly abuse of human rights with impunity. A state is not under any obligation to engage the International Court of Justice in order to resolve a legal dispute, however if a matter is referred to the International Court of Justice, the award of the Court is binding on the parties and must be enforced.[11] The Sources of International Law International law is unique in the sense that it does not possess formal institutions responsible for making laws. However, despite the absence of formal institutions that are responsible for making laws in international law, there are recognised and generally accepted methods by which legal rules come in to existence in international law as well as how the precise content of legal rules can b e identified.[12] International law has three primary sources, namely, international treaties, customs and general principles of law. However attempts have been made to codify international customary law with the formation of the International Law Commission (ILC). Treaties are a means whereby states consciously and voluntarily create international law and it may cover any area of international law. Treaties may involve several nations (multilateral) or it may be just between two states (bilateral). Once a treaty has satisfied all the formal requirements for its existence and has entered in to force it automatically imposes obligations on the state parties which they must carry out and if they fail to carry out their obligations under the binding treaty, they will incur international responsibility unless they can provide a valid defence. A lot of multilateral treaties are a mixture of codification of current customary law and the progressive development of the law.[13] Cus tomary international law is that law which has its origin from practice or customs of states. It is the foundation stone of the modern law of nations.[14] Customary international law is an ongoing phenomenon and it fills the void in any event that the legal regime of a treaty fails to gain universal acceptance.[15] Article 38 of the statute of the International Court of Justice is not an exhaustive list of the sources of international law, rather it is direction to the Court authorising it to consider various materials when deciding disputes submitted to it.[16] According to paragraph 1 (c ) of Article 38, general principles of law are also sources of international law; however there is no general consensus amongst academics as to the precise interpretation of Article 38 1 (c ), while some argue that it represents an acknowledgement by states that there are sources of international law outside state control others argue that paragraph 1 (c ) merely describes general, non-speci fic principles that have already been validated as law by the real formal sources such as customs and treaty.[17] Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice stipulates as follows: ‘(1) The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply, (a) International conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognised by the contesting States; (b) International custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; (c) The general principles of law recognised by civilised nations; (d) Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as a subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. (2) This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree to it.’[18] According to Dixon , ‘article 38 of the Statute does not provide a complete and unambiguous statement of the sources of international law and it leaves several questions unanswered. Still it would be a mistake to underestimate the importance of Article 38, not least because it is vital that a reasonably clear and precise statement of the sources be available. It is because Article 38 more or less fulfils this role that it has been accepted as authoritative by the Court and by the states themselves’.[19] A judicial decision by the International Court of Justice may give the stamp of law to an alleged rule of custom.[20] The International Court of Justice in 1974 pronounced as follows, ‘’†¦two concepts have crystallised as customary law in recent years arising out of the general consensus revealed at that conference (1960, law of the sea conference). The first is the concept of fishing zone. The second is the concept of preferential rights of fishing in adjacent waters in favour of the coastal state in a situation of special dependency on its coastal fisheries†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢[21] Conclusion Judicial decisions do not make customary international law neither do they make general principles of law, but they are declaratory of pre existing laws. They are law identifying or material sources of law.[22] Article 59 of the International Court of Justice Statute, states that, ‘’the decision of the Court has no binding force except between parties and in respect of that particular case’’. See also Nauru v Australia, Preliminary Objections (1993) 32 ILM 46. However, while it is true that Article 59 of the International Court of Justice Statute deliberately excludes a formal doctrine of stare decisis in the international legal system, the Article is still open to challenge. No doubt, it is clear that the International Court of Justice pays great regard to both the actual decisions it has reached in previous cases and to the law it has declared therein.[23] See the Interpretation of peace Treaties Case (1950) ICJ Rep.65, where the Court took out time to distinguish the earlier decision of the old PCIJ in the Eastern Carelia Case (1923) PCIJ Ser. B No.5, assuming we are to take Article 59 on its face value, then the court will not bother to take out time to distinguish the earlier decision from the one before it. The International Court of Justice has also followed its earlier decisions. See the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations Case (1925) PCIJ Ser. B No.10, where the Court specifically referred to the precedent afforded by the Wimbledon case.[24] The International Court of Justice do not regard its decisions as guidelines for future decisions, but rather the Court regards its decisions as authority for future decisions.[25] See Nicaragua v United States of America (1984) ICJ Rep 169. The International Court of Justice attempts to develop and maintain a coherent and consistent b ody of legal principles and rules and thereby circumvents Article 59 in practice. I agree with Dixon that the International Court of Justice is more involved in the process of law creation than either Article 59 or Article 38 of its Statute suggests.[26] The Court has been able to establish in recent times a consistent body of precedents that it adheres to and a decision of the Court usually has a profound impact on customary international law. See the Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries and Libya v Chad (1994) ICJ Rep 6. Finally, although technically the International Court of Justice can not participate in law making due to the fact that stare decisions is not applicable in international law, in practice it does not work out because the decisions of the Courts have gone a long way in establishing both customary international law and general principles of law that one can cautiously say that rules of precedent are gradually emerging in international law. I will end this essay by quoting D ixon, ‘the decisions of the court have a similar impact in international law as do decisions of the House of Lords in UK law, without the formal doctrine of binding precedent†¦the attempt to protect state sovereignty by limiting the function of the International Court of Justice to one simple adjudication rather than law creation has largely failed’.[27] Bibliography Becks Law Dictionary (2008) A compendium of International Law terms and Phrases, Washburn University School of Law Library, Washburn Cassese, A (1995) Self Determination of Peoples: A legal appraisal, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Cheng, B (2007) General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Dixon, M (2005) Text Book on International law, Fifth Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford Fairhurst, J (2007) Law of the European Union, Sixth Edition, Pearson, Harlow Knop k, (2002) Diversity and Self-Determinatio n in International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Malanczuk, P (1977) Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law, Seventh Edition Routledge, London Musgrave, T (1997) Self determination and National Minorities, Oxford University Press, Oxford Shaw, M (2005) International Law, Fifth Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Wallace, R.M.M (2005) International law, Fifth Edition, Sweet and Maxwell, London 1 Footnotes [1] Dixon (2005) p.4 [2] Dixon (2005) p.3 [3] Dixon (2005) p.11 [4] Becks Law Dictionary (2008) [5] Wallace (2005) p.26 [6] Wallace (2005) p.26 [7] Wallace (2005) p.26 [8] Fairhurst (2007) p.3-4 [9] Cassese (1995) p.11-15 [10] See Article 39 and Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter [11] Dixon (2005) p.8 [12] Dixon (2005) p.21 [13] Dixon (2005) p.26 [14] Dixon (2005) p.28 [15] Dixon (2005) p.28 [16] Dixon (2005) p.21 [17] Dixon (2005) p.38 [18] See Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice [19] Dixon (2005) p.22 [20] Wallace (2005) p.27 [21] Fisheries Jurisdiction merit citied in Wallace (2005) p.28 [22] Dixon (2005) p.41 [23] Dixon (2005) p.42 [24] Citied in Dixon (2005) p.42 [25] Dixon (2005) p.42 [26] Dixon (2005) p.42 [27] Dixon (2005) p.43

Managing Diversity and Equality in a University - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2967 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? about the university University X, like many quality focused universities around the world, has engaged itself for over two decades to be inclusive towards diversity in its students and staff because of the benefits that the phenomenon has to offer in terms of student productivity, an enhanced learning environment and also employment productivity. The university offers a corporate level and functional level strategy for planning, implementation and control of its various diversity initiatives. This has been primarily a response to the drastic legal and social developments relating to ethnic, gender and disabilities equalities at workplace realizing how effective such initiatives prove to be once implemented successfully (Aberson, 2007). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managing Diversity and Equality in a University" essay for you Create order But a sound execution of diversity initiatives is seldom an easy process but the University commits itself in maintaining strong standards and hopes for betterment in future with regard to complete diversity and equality in the workplace (Hicks-Clarke Iles, 2000). Its special focus is towards women academics and researchers. It encourages women to apply and sustain their positions in the universities and is continually engaged in recruiting strong, talented women as part of its diversity initiatives. Other than women, the university considers disable employees and diverse ethnic groups to be a part of its diversity initiatives. But while other areas receive targeted results, the university has failed to meet its target for women staff members which points to a need for further analysis. This phenomena can be explained through companys internal analysis, market analysis, comparison with other universities that could help point out the internal weaknesses or external threat of the uni versity that induce this problem as well as through literary concepts relating to society, culture and diversity-specific studies that explain why women do not stay committed o their posts and the university is not able to retain them for long (Milem and Hakuta, 2000). definitions, concepts, and terms of reference The literature on diversity, equality and employment holds various important concepts and definitions that have to be understood in order to analyze the situation of university X. According to Stephen Macedo (2000), who has contributed tremendously towards the conceptual framework relating to workplace diversity, assets that diversity is one of the greatest and complex issues of workplace studies of the modern time. Diversity relates with gender, race, ethnicity and sexual orientation that are equally important, as with other types of public and private organisations, firms, and companies, in universities. He claims diversity to be a contest that is never ending and has bound several researchers, practitioners and managers in a struggle to induce diverse environments into the internal society of the organisations. It is a driving force that brings unity among employees despite of differing characteristics. He has pointed out that though diversity has met with extensive attention , practice and research, it has been often misconceived for its purpose and definition. With regard to universities, specifically, diversity can be defined in terms of student body composition, academic and research staff composition and other non-teaching staff composition (Huisman, et al., 2002). Diversity is not however, only a celebration of different cultures coming together under roof (Bain and Commings, 2000). The studies and practice of diversity involve making sure unfair exclusions and discriminations do not take in the environment based on the differing or unique backgrounds, characteristics and equality is practiced. Only then can unity and harmony can be achieved in the workplace and can employees benefit each other and the organisation with their skills and specialties that are closely tied with their backgrounds and characteristics. A much more refined definition of diversity, presented by Macedo (2000) is thus, that it is the extent to which freedom and equality i s established for all levels, positions and environments of work but which is yet to be fully understood and practiced and thus has to be developed further for organisational development. In this section, based on the highlights provided by the previous section, an extensive literature and market review is conducted to gauge further the importance of equality in diversity in universities, with specific emphasis being given to women in academics and research in the university with support from legal and economic data from the market, universitys employment data and other universitys data so as to identify a gap and establish the scope for further study to resolve the existing problems relating to women employment and retention in the university.Literature and Market Review importance of diversity in universities The practice of diversity has a lot to offer to the universities, both in terms of learners and practitioners, i.e. the professors and teachers. Diversitys effectiveness in terms of workplace productivity, as pointed out by Kanter (1977) has a lot to do with social interactions that take place within the organisation. His work concluded that diverse workplace environments shape social interactions in a way that can be either disruptive or fruitful for an organisation depending on how it embraces it diversity. According to Chang (1999), whose contribution was more aligned to the context of academic institutions, compositional diversity plays a crucial role in both student productivity as well as staff productivity. Campuses with high rate of students belonging to diverse backgrounds have been found to have more opportunities, constructive social interactions and overall productivity (De Meuse Hostager, 2001; Boeckmann, Feather, 2007) with regard to preparation for the challenging work place environment that the students are to face in their future (Dev and Trevino, 1994). Opposed to this, universities with a major population of white candidates have been found to have restricted learning experiences and cross-racial interactions are almost never (European Commission, 2008). Compositional diversity is, thus, an important element that universities have to take into account to assure a productive student body and academic body (Dainty, et al., 2001). This refers to having a proportional representation of people in student and staff bodies that reflect different racial, gender, ethnic and other backgrounds. These recruitment policies relating to compositional diversity are symbolic of the universitys commitment to acceptance of people belonging to diverse backgrounds and its commitment to quality, practicality, and future sustainability to outside and external parties (Camp, et al., 1997). For this communication internally and externally relating to the diver sity practices and policies of the university is crucial. However, Hurtado (1998) has pointed out for universities, focusing on the single aspect and element of diversity practice in developing policies is not ideal and they should view diversity as a critical mass or composite of people belonging to different backgrounds but working on similar levels and tasks depending on skills and qualifications where there are open lines of communication and workplace integration (Boeckmann Feather, 2007). The policies that universities mainly adopt are in line with legislation and policy regulations enforced by law (Enders, 2001). Recently there have been various developments in this area of which Equality Act (2010) is a major milestone. equalities act 2010 The Equality Act (2010) is a highly significant piece of regulation with regard to diversity practice and management which is on its way to make equality at workplace much more strengthened. Almost 90% of its application has already taken place in less than a year since its formulation, while the rest will be put to effect by April 2011. It encompasses rules and policies relating to the following key areas: age, gender, disabilities, racial backgrounds, marital status, civil partnerships, religion, faith and beliefs, ethnic background, sex, and sexual orientations. The Act also eliminates the practice of dual discrimination that was and is currently in practice by many organisations whereby an employee or staff members is discriminated based on two or more of the characteristics such as race, gender, and religion, etc. at workplace, selection and recruitment or any other consideration. The act protects the candidates, employees, and members alike from this form of discrimination. T he Act offers its duty towards: (1) elimination of unfair practices by employers relating to discrimination, sexual harassment and unfair appraisals and reward management; (2) inducing equality in employment advancements and growth opportunities for all employees regardless of backgrounds; (3) enforce organisations to publish data in report form relating to diversity and equality at workplace, with proper objectives, strategies and execution and be transparent with employment relations and workplace practices that relate with diversity. University X has clearly developed its strategy around this Equalities Act and other legislations relating to diversity and workplace relations (Equality Act, 2010). diversity strategy of university x University X follows an integrated diversity management strategy at corporate and functional levels whereby it uses teams, committees and networks to plan, execute and control diversity initiatives. These teams and committees include: The Rectors Equal Opportunity and Diversity committee whose role is to ensure that each candidate is given the right to due process and equal opportunities at workplace regardless of the background. This is a corporate level committee which comprises of sub-committees that are designed to deal with disabilities, gender, race, etc separately to make sure each aspect of diversity is covered and looked upon extensively and to make sure the organisation abides by legislations, regulations and policy standards as set by the government, for example in the form of Equalities Act (2010). In addition to these committees, advisory groups also function across the organisation focusing on key issues that either emerges with organisational progress and development , or external labour market developments. All of these groups are integrated through networks whereby the corporate and functional levels do not function in isolation from each other. diversity initiatives by university x Under the diversity strategy the university has taken several initiatives that are in effect at present. These include employment development initiatives, training for equality and diversity for employees, disability awareness training and committees and networks set up to monitor the management of diversity and equality among the campus staff. Employee Development University has developed a cooperative program with other 7 universities to offer a management program for BME staff which runs for 6 months for two staff members at a time. It operates in the form of conferences with maximum communication, information and knowledge sharing and impartment to each of the members. University X leads this program. Equality and Diversity University X conducts equality and diversity training as per Equalities Act 2010 and publishes its progress each year in the form of reports. It takes 30 staff members at a time for running this training course three times a year. At present, much of these training sessions has been on the awareness for workplace equality for disable employees. Diversity Committees These committees, foresee, plan, coordinate, implement, monitor and evaluate the progress and performance of diversity management across the universitys staff. Integrated by means of networks set up by the universitys corporate management and administration, at present several initiatives that are in place were designed and executed by the diversity management committees. The committees have been very committed to make sure that disabled staff gets fair chances and opportunities at the workplace together with proper treatment from their work colleagues which is the main focus of many training sessions that take place throughout the year at the university. They currently engaged in equipping the administration and staff for the implementation of two ticks scheme whereby the employment growth prospects for disabled staff are increased. performance and progress According to the annual report of the university of 2008, the number of women professors has increased in the university but women academics and researchers has declined, the reasons of which are unclear. One explanation could be that while disabled staff is benefiting from the disabled management initiatives, gender diversity has received little attention by the university. The universitys target for 2010 for women academics and researchers was set to have an increase of 41% which the university was unable to meet. This calls for re-examining and re-structuring of some initiatives and policies, first to find out the causes and second to encourage more women academics and researchers to join and retain their positions and allow the university to achieve its gender diversity, along with disabilities targets. diversity initiatives by other universities Comparing the initiatives taken by and underway for University X, with two famous universities allows contrasting the differences and gauging areas where University X could improve its diversity management strategy and implementation. Lincoln University Much of Lincoln Universitys efforts are towards making the work environment racial-biased free, as indicated from its aim which is to promote, create and sustain racial equality in the university which is central to all policy, strategy and standard making for both students and employees alike. (Lincoln University, 2011). Its strategy is aimed at cultural diversity mainly which is managed by Equality and Diversity Management Committee chaired by the universitys Vice Chancellor. The committee works closely with the human resource management department of the university to conduct proper background checks to ensure that the university embraces the diversity that potential employees can bring to the university. This committee also has partnerships with communitys several diversity centered organisations that allow it to further enhance its services in the matter and embrace diversity even more effectively. Proper future goals are set and executed via partnerships, training sessions , seminars, workshops and free flow of communication with staff members and continuously monitored to ensure smooth attainment of targets and improve shortfalls to further enhance the diversity management of the university (Lincoln, 2011). The governance mainly takes place under the Racial Relations Act (2000) as opposed to Equalities Act (2010) that is integral to University Xs diversity management. Manchester University Manchester University operates a separate but functionally and strategically integrated centre for equality and diversity at work, where it makes sure that the employees regardless of backgrounds, physiological disabilities, gender, race, ethnic backgrounds, religion, nationality, etc. are given fair treatment, opportunities and employment at the university. It works closely with several public and private organisations and has taken a multi-disciplinary approach towards diversity management where it combines psychological research findings with managerial expertise alongside collaboration with multiple organisations to understand, develop and execute effective diversity management initiatives, some of which are: (1) encouragement for female entrepreneurship and reduction for their social exclusion; (2) causes and remedies for occupational stress based on gender and age; (3) Gender and Racial Equality training and development; (4) Training and initiatives for reducing sexual harass ment; and (5) Mentoring development of females and males for leadership, among many others (Manchester University, 2011). This section outlines the problem and scope for further research with defined objectives and aims, indicating the research methods that should be used.future research Rationale problem identification According to the annual report of the university of 2008, the number of women professors has increased in the university but women academics and researchers has declined, the reasons of which are unclear. University X has identified that the turnover provides evidence that the women mostly leave at the post-doctoral level at the university and fail to progress ahead. To explain this research is needed to explain the internal and external causes for deviation from targets. scope of study Analyzing Lincoln Universitys performance in this matter, despite of its success in establishing equal opportunities for employees for all races, and ethnic backgrounds, it has supported Hurtados critique for the practice of diversity management by universities where critical mass is not compiled by considering all of the aspects of diversity. in this case, gender, disabilities etc are ignored and are given secondary importance. And in the case of University X, gender is now being given importance and primarily its central focus was on disable employees. Considering the case of Lincoln university, their focus is on cultural aspect of diversity which they claim is the route of problems that create stereotypical beliefs and notions that are the biggest hindrances for diversity management (Milem and K. Hakuta, 2000). On the other hand, Manchester university has linked these cultural studies with individual psychology. Both point out thus, that in order to explain the cause and bett er implement diversity management for gender equality at the university, this cultural, and psychological together with structural perspective that is linked with the role of the university itself is crucial (Jenson, et al., 2001). Therefore, a research exploration and empirical analysis is required relating to allow the university to develop these multi-disciplinary approaches towards diversity management (Altbach, 2004). research objectives and aims Future research in the area is, thus, to encompass the following research objectives: to find out the structural and cultural causes of deviation from the targets with regard to women researchers and academics and to find out how the current diversity management system could be improved. methodology A descriptive, qualitative as well as quantitative and empirical research is ideal for this research study (Fiske et al, 1991; Fagenson, 1990). evaluation, conclusion and recommendations This section the summary of findings, and the final word of evaluation based on the cost-benefit analysis of the research proposal is given to direct the future research to resolve the problem situation of University X. Analyzing Manchester Universitys initiatives open further doors for University Xs diversity management, based on the finding that research, collaboration, and multi-disciplinary but focused planning, execution and control is necessary for making sure all aspects of diversity are covered. According to Fagenson (1990) and Ragins and Sundstrom (1989), structural perspective of universitys organisation influences perceptions, progress and implementation of diversity management initiatives. On the other hand, Kalev (2006) and Heilman (1993; 2001) have pointed out the importance of cultural reasons in explaining the workplace behaviour towards diversity and reasons for several misconceptions related with gender, specifically that could be used to explain why women fail to retain their post-doctoral level positions and continue to progress. This literary evidence further strengthens the requirement and scope of the research. However, it requires time, investment and effort and the university will have to make budget allocations to undertake it. The university could divide its objectives and targets to short, medium and long term levels in order to implement and undergo a continuous monitoring, improvement and execution progress of diversity management. Such as, attempt to increase women staff by 10% in the first year, 20% the next five years and 50% in the next eight to ten years.

Debating Immigration Essay - 1325 Words

Debating Immigration Immigration is the movement of people into another nation with the intention of living there permanently. After a four centuries of immigration have passed and people have moved from region to region, the breeding of different races has caused there to be over two thousand different races. The social construction of stereotypes has a far greater impact on race. This is what leads to discrimination and finally unequal treatment and even hatred among immigrants of all shades of skin pigment. Like the history of past colonists who migrated to the USA started in the early 1600s, most modern day immigrants are motivated to relocate far from their original homes for the desire to improve†¦show more content†¦American Born citizens also believe in and practice differently then the rest of the American society, so why does the situation get slammed on immigrants when the participate in these activities? I mentioned this situation to a co-worker of mine, Brad Tibbs and this is what he said, Only in the USA can you be an American born citizen on welfare standing on a card board box in broad day light in the middle of a busy intersection, yelling at the top of your lungs I hate America and get away with it. In any other country where these people are coming from they would be killed for doing such a thing. When they come here to the USA they give or country more respect then our own Americans (Tibbs, Brad). Its really a true statement if you really take a moment to really absorb what Brad said. At first I was like whatever guy. Then I sat down and wrote what he had just said to me and it really does mean a lot to the way all people, of all races, immigrated or born citizen look at the USA. The motivation behind immigration to the USA over the last four hundred years was mainly done for two reasons. They need to leave their prior environment to survive and the attraction of the advertisement of the new ways of the USA. For those two main reasons almost everyone would like to go to the USA. The one and only reason that the USA is chosen by immigrants more then anyShow MoreRelatedThe American Of The United States778 Words   |  4 Pagesflow into the US till the late 1800’s when the first immigration policies were created. The first immigrants to come to the US were seeking economic opportunities. However, because the price of passage was steep, about half or more of the white Europeans who made the voyage did so by becoming servants to large companies. As whites were the first to come to America and continued to be the dominate group this would fuel later issues in immigration. Another group of immigrants who arrived against theirRead MoreThe American Of The United States817 Words   |  4 Pagesflow into the US till the late 1800’s when the first immigration policies were created. 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First of all, what makes one an illegal immigrantRead MoreIllegal Immigration And The United States1151 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration to the United States is an act by foreign to enter the United States illegally, it is a disrespectful act to the United States immigration laws. The immigrate be illegal by enter the United states without government permission. The number of illegal immigrants in the United States has settled down in recent years after decades of increasing. The most illegal immigrants in the United States are from Mexico. According to US news â€Å"A new congressional report sure to stir up the heatedRead MoreEthnic Minorities And The United States1712 Words   |  7 Pagesthe documented/undocumented Latino/a immigrants since new polices are being created to support this community. History of Immigration Polices To understand why there is an issue in the Latino/a workforce, we first must understand the history of immigration. 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A Detailed Quality Plan For Unilever - 1016 Words

The business environment continues to grow complex with each passing day, which makes quality performance a crucial factor. The importance of quality has been increased by the increased level of competition that has been motivated by globalization and advancements in technology. The pressure from a complex business environment coupled with stiff competition has pushed organizations to adopt new quality management methods to guarantee high performance. The paper presents a detailed quality plan for Unilever, which is a world famous manufacturing company. Unilever is among the largest multinational corporations in the world. The company deals with personal care, food, and home care products. Most of the goods from Unilever are fast moving†¦show more content†¦It should be made of directions and other hazard communication tools to minimize the number of employees who are likely to suffer a fatal accident. High accident rates can compromise the image of the company. 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Official Obama plans to slash deficit in half Essay Example For Students

Official: Obama plans to slash deficit in half Essay WASHINGTON Having committed hundreds of billions of taxpayers dollars to revive the economy, President Barack Obama has another plan: to cut the federal deficit in half by the end of his first term. Obama will touch on his efforts to restore fiscal discipline at a White House fiscal policy summit on Monday and in an address to Congress on Tuesday. On Thursday he plans to send at least a summary of his first budget request to Capitol Hill. The bottom line, said an administration official Saturday, is to halve the federal deficit to $533 billion by the time his first term ends in 2013. He inherited a deficit of about $1. 3 trillion from former President George W. Bush. The official, speaking on condition of anonymity because the president has not yet released his budget for the fiscal year 2010, which begins Oct. 1, said the deficit will be shrunk by scaling back Iraq war spending, ending the temporary tax breaks enacted by the Bush administration for those making $250,000 or more a year, and streamlining government. We cant generate sustained growth without getting our deficits under control, Obama said in his weekly radio and Internet address that seemed to preview his intentions. He said his budget will be sober in its assessments, honest in its accounting, and lays out in detail my strategy for investing in what we need, cutting what we dont, and restoring fiscal discipline. Obamas budget also is expected to take steps toward his campaign promises of establishing universal health care and lessening the countrys reliance on foreign oil. Obama has pledged to make deficit reduction a priority both as a candidate and a president. But he also has said economic recovery must come first. Last week, he signed into law the $787 billion stimulus measure that is meant to create jobs but certainly will add to the nations skyrocketing national debt. He also is implementing the $700 billion financial sector rescue passed on Bushs watch; about $75 billion of which is being used toward Obamas plan to help homeowners facing foreclosure. .

Investment Psychology for Dominos Pizza Inc -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInvestment Psychology for Dominos Pizza Inc. Answer: Introduction: The analysis on such as Dominos Pizza Inc., Google Inc., Delta Air Lines Inc is mainly conducted in the assessment to identify the future prospective and detect the investment viability in this company. The assessment evaluates the financial performance of selected companies, which could eventually help and detecting whether there is a viable investment scope for investors. The pattern recognition, which is conducted by evaluating historical price movements is also helpful in detecting the overall trend of the organizations. Dominos Pizza Inc., Google Inc., Delta Air Lines Inc is selected from the overall portfolio, where adequate research could be conducted to identify the investment opportunities and future performance of the companies. The Domino's Pizza Inc is iteratively under Food processing industry, why Google Inc falls under the information technology industry. Lastly, the Delta airlines company mainly falls under the Airline industry. Delta Air Lines Inc 2015 2016 2017 Quick Ratio 0.32 0.35 0.27 Operating Margin 27.82% 25.36% 22.86% Debt/Equity 0.62 0.5 0.47 Gross Margin 58.00% 59.79% 57.91% Financial performance of delta Airlines can be identified from the above table, which would allow investors to conduct adequate investment decision. The quick ratio, gross margin ratio, and operating margin ratio of the company has declined. However, the debt ratio of the company has relatively decline, which indicated and improvement anus financial capability[1]. Dominos Pizza Inc 2015 2016 2017 Operating Margin 18.290% 18.360% 18.700% Quick Ratio 0.700 0.480 0.530 Gross Margin 30.820% 31.050% 31.060% Interest coverage 4.080 4.130 4.270 The profit margin, interest coverage ratio, gross margin of the company has a relatively improved over a period of 3 years. This mainly indicates the high capability of the organization to generate returns from investment. However, the quick ratio the company declined, which stated in the hi accumulation of current liabilities in comparison to current assets. Google 2015 2016 2017 Quick Ratio 4.5 6 4.98 Operating Margin 25.82% 26.27% 23.59% Debt/Equity 0.02 0.03 0.02 Gross Margin 62.44% 61.08% 58.88% From the valuation, it could be seen that the financial position of Google has improved in 2017, as the quick ratio and debt to equity ratio has a relatively increased over the financial years. However, the client in operating margin and gross margin is seen, which was conducted due to high expenses incurred by the organization doing the financial years[2]. The selection decision was mainly made on both logical and instinctual basis, as the organization selected for the portfolio are the market leaders, which would eventually help in generating high returns. Furthermore, the logical reason for selecting the stock is the pricing performance of the organizations which has been conducted over the past years. In addition, the companies such as Domino's and Google would eventually increase their revenues in long run, which would support the capital growth needed from the portfolio[3]. CompanyName Price Market Cap P / E Ratio SkyWest, Inc. $ 55 2,856,034 7 Delta Air Lines, Inc. $ 53 37,501,735 11 The competitive level of delta airline is evaluated in the above table, where P/E ratio and market cap of the organization is a relatively higher in comparison to its competitor. However, the share price of the organization is relatively low in comparison to its competitors, which indicates a possibility of price increment in future. CompanyName Price Market Cap P / E Ratio Sysco Corporation $ 60 31,169,003 27 Domino's Pizza Inc $ 231 9,968,982 40 The above table reverently represents the competitive edge of Domino's against Sysco Corporation, which would eventually help in detecting financial viability of the company. The overall t ratio and share price of Domino's is relatively higher than its competitor, where is the market cap of Sysco corporation is higher. The market cap of Dominos is relatively lower than Sysco Corporation, which is relatively due to the high prices of the organization. CompanyName Price Market Cap P / E Ratio Facebook, Inc. $ 157.20 376,638,938 29.17 GOOGL Alphabet Inc. $ 1,009.95 301,463,005 56.23 From the overall evaluation, Google is considered to be the most viable investment option, which could help in generating high level of returns from investment. The current price and see ratio of Google is relatively higher in comparison to Facebook, while the market cap of Facebook is higher due to the low prices of the organization. CompanyName Price 52 Weeks High /Low Domino's Pizza Inc 231.46 $236.93/$166.74 Delta Air Lines, Inc. 53.05 $60.79/$43.81 GOOGL Alphabet Inc. 1009.95 $1,198/$834.60 From the overall evaluation, the 52-week high and low share price of the company is relevantly depicted in the above table. In addition, the overall prices of the company are at adequate level, which indicates the possibility of rising share prices for all the three companies. The share price valuation of Domino's Pizza is relatively close to the 52 weeks high value, which indicate that the current trend of the organization is relatively up, which the pics that the share price of the organization will eventually increase in future. Moreover, The Delta price is relatively close to 52 weeks high, which could eventually help in improving the financial position of investors. Likewise, the share price of Google is also at 52 weeks high, which depicts the pricing trend of the organization, where new highs would be achieved in future[4]. Conclusion: From the valuation it could be identified that Domino's pizza and Google is identified to be an adequate investment opportunity, which could increase returns of the investors. The financial ratios and the current trend of the organization is a relatively positive, which could eventually allow investors to generate higher returns from investment. hence, the stocks could be associated with the portfolio for increasing the returns of the investors. However, neglecting the shares of delta airline is mainly a viable option, where the financial performance of the company is not adequate. Reference and Bibliography: Baumann, Michael Heinrich, and Lars Grne. "Simultaneously long short trading in discrete and continuous time."Systems Control Letters99 (2017): 85-89. Chandra, Prasanna.Investment analysis and portfolio management. McGraw-Hill Education, 2017. Kang, Yan-Qing, et al. "Environmental assessment and investment strategy for China's manufacturing industry: A non-radial DEA based analysis."Journal of Cleaner Production175 (2018): 501-511. Mikesell, Raymond F., and John W. Whitney.The world mining industry: Investment strategy and public policy. Routledge, 2017. Nasdaq.com 2018, https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/dal/competitors?sortname=lastsalesorttype=1. Accessed 9 Apr 2018. Nasdaq.com 2018, https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/dpz/competitors?sortname=lastsalesorttype=1. Accessed 9 Apr 2018. Nasdaq.com 2018, https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/goog/competitors?sortname=lastsalesorttype=1. Accessed 9 Apr 2018. Zhang, Xinhua, et al. "Analysis of carbon-abatement investment for thermal power market in carbon-dispatching mode and policy recommendations."Energy149 (2018): 954-966. ucation, 2017.