How Has Computer Hacking Interfered Modern Society Essay

How has data processor fire hydranting inferred sophisticated society? In this passage I will be talking briefly about the fundamentals of reckoner hacking from the ancient to the present. calculator hacking has changed more over time resulting in computer emergences to corporate formation shutdowns. This research paper will be talking about trey major parts of computer hacking. The commencement ceremony concept of hacking is the origin of creation. The attached part will be how hacking has affect on the present-day society.Fin each(prenominal)y, the at last piece of information will be going over the time to come of system hacking. What is a hack you may ask your self merely non have an answer or one word evince for the term? A hack has al flairs been a kind of cutoff or modification, a way to bypass or re create the normal operation of an object or system. The first computer hackers emerge at MIT. They borrow their name from a term to describe members of a ride trai n group at the school who hack the electric trains, tracks, and switches to wanton away them perform faster and contrastively.A few of the members transfer their curiosity and rig skills to the new mainframe computing systems being studied and developed on campus. Hacking groups begin to form. Among the first ar Legion of Doom in the linked States, and Chaos Computer Club in Ger umpteen. The movie War Games introduces the frequent to hacking. A computer hacker int residues to ruin businesses performing an act a great deal more unprincipled than an enthusiastic biologist hacking away at work or theory. The truth is that computer hacking is in fact easy in the general sense, exclusively more consideration must be given. near aspects of hacking ar used in everyday life and you may not know that accessing wireless internet from another persons figure is considered wireless hacking even though your borrowing on that point connection. During the 1970s, a different kind of hacke r appeared the phreaks or phone hackers. They learned ways to hack the telephonic system and make phone c some(prenominal)s for free. Within these group of people, a phreaker became famous be baffle a simple discovery. John Draper, also known as Captain Crunch, found that he could make long distance calls with a whistle.He built a blue box that could do this and the Esquire magazine published an article on how to build them. Fascinated by this discovery, deuce kids, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, decided to sell these blue boxes, starting a business experience which resulted in the founding of Apple. By the 1980s, phreaks started to migrate to computers, and the first Bulletin panel Systems (BBS) appeared. BBS are like the yahoo groups of today, were people posted messages on any kind of topic.The BBS used by hackers specialized in tips on how to break into computers, how to use stolen credit card numbers and care stolen computer passwords. It wasnt until 1986 that the U. S. gov ernment realized the danger that hackers represented to the geek security. As a way to counteract this menace, the Congress passed the Computer thespian and Abuse Act, making computer breaking a crime crossways the nation. During the 1990s, when the use of the internet became widespread around the world, hackers multiplied, moreover it wasnt until the end of the decade that systems security became mainstream among the public.Today, we are accustomed to hackers, crackers, viruses, Trojans, worms and all of the techniques we need to follow to combat them. Hackers were classified into three unusual flakes the first category is called In-house hacker. In-house hacker is an employee who is responsible for operating and maintaining the system, who acts immediately with the system as a programmer or data entry employee and is a ware of all the system security capabilities and gaps. He and should be the guard of the system but for different motivations he hacks the system and gets wh at he needs betraying all the curse given to him.The second type is called super hacker who doesnt interact with the system but at the same time monitors the system on daily basis and has an eye on what is going on and what type of data is entered at what time then depending on the entries he decides the bit he should get these information and retrieve them for personal motivations while the third type is called professional hacker and this hacker is very strong and equal to(p) of getting any type of data, he has the ability of persuading the user or the operator to provide him with the needed information by programming tricks or user friendly screens and this kind of hackers often gets unique training peculiarly when being used in military tasks as what happened in the unwarmed war.Theses are just brief ways hackers have impacted the modern world we all live in. Within the past year there have been two major cases right in the area. Both direct extensive damage, and both are c urrently in court. The closest case is that of Thomas Crandall, otherwise known as St. Elmos Fire. Crandall is accused of estroying attention and discipline records in a computer at Central skilful and Vocational Center. Police charge that Crandall used a personal computer at his home to access the computer. He is also accused of doing $25,000 in damage to files at Waste Management Inc. of Oakbrook, Ill. Crandalls attorney claims that many other students also had access to the computer, and that to single out Crandall in unfair. Hackers are responsible of the huge development in computer and internet technology, but these days we consider them as thieves and intruders who penetrated our own privacy and used the achievements they were ass for their own benefit.Hackers have different opinions and motivations. However, they all share the spirit of repugn and always trying to prove their capabilities of doing what all believe is impossible perhaps because they were mistreated, or d oubts surrounded their abilities and past achievements. Hackers believe that information should be divided and they fight against information owning. Effects that hacking caused and still causing to the society gitt be ignored. Hacking nowadays is taking new phases and the danger is increase because we are now living in a society that runs by ICT, and any attack to the ICT especially in advanced countries will cause vital consequences.ICT still lacks a powerful security tools that are opened of tracking, catching hackers, and protecting computer systems from their attacks. My own view is that the best way to protect ICT from hackers is to study their psychology and try to understand their way of thinking, because hackers are human beings, who have two sides evil and right-hand(a), and they used to show their severe side but suddenly they turned to be evil. The reasons which caused the transformation from good to evil individuals should be studied and given the highest priority in the war against hackers because since we put our hands on the cause, we can fix it to reach for disclose effects.People can grocery shop, earn degrees, receive bank statements and catch up with bills from their laptop or PC. The possibilities are immortal when it comes to simplifying life with the help of the homo Wide Web, but at the same time possibilities are endless hackers to complicate your life with cyber crimes. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a hacker as both an expert at programming and solving problems with a computer and a person who illegally gains access to and sometimes tampers with information in a computer system. Those three reasons I have stated above were the hackings past present and future. Until technology stops growing the possibility of hackers is limited less.

Human Trafficking in the Caribbean

The natural law is non effective in dealing with the problem of clement trafficking. Discuss ( using relevant International and Domestic law). check to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, pieceity Trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by threa tening or using force, or any other form of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of world-beater or of a position of vulnerability or giving or receiving payments or benefits to seize the consent of a person having control everywhere another person, for the draw a bead on of exploitation. adult male Trafficking is characterized by 1. The Act (What is done) 2. The Means (How it is done) 3. The Purpose (Why it is done) plenty may f wholly victim to Human Trafficking for umpteen purposes. One super acid purpose is for prostitution. cozy labour is identified as coerced labour. Other familiar purposes atomic number 18 for s throw awayr labour and the stir trade. The V atican has described Human Trafficking as creation worsened than slavery and has been described as the Silent hatred of the Caribbean.Regional organizations such as the Association of Caribbean States, CARICOM and the Organization of American States charter solely expressed their impatience at the rapid increase of benevolent trafficking cases in the Caribbean. This growing cause impacts many nations across the world and the Caribbean has recently been haggard into what is being called a global panic. In the Caribbean the group causing the just about concern in regards to Human Trafficking is Irregular Migrants this includes the females transported to other locations (countries or regions) as commercial stimulate workers.The nature of the purpose can, without scholarly or legislative support, indicate that this is a violation of basic human rights. Caribbean politicss be being asked to present an yearbook report to the US government outlining the steps they brace ta ken and entrust take to challenge unregulated migration and forced labour, which be indicators of human trafficking. The countries atomic number 18 ranked according to their compliance with US wishes and a country that does not rank well or refuses to present a report atomic number 18 threatened with economic sanctions.Jamaica is among some of the countries that have been negatively ranked. However, the US government believes that Jamaica has the will and potential to improve their third layer status. Most victims of human trafficking may find themselves in situations where they diminish object to both sensual and emotional abuse. Oftentimes Caribbean women are lured to the US with ridiculous promises of employment and are thusly sold by trafficking gangs, to the highest bidders all over the US and atomic number 63. Caribbean submits are eager to remain in good virtuous standing on an international platform.Hence, concerns about human trafficking in the Caribbean have i ncreased mainly due to the idea of female prostitution and the spurring to rescue and foster a womans internal purity. Makes you think, doesnt it? Do they rattling wield about these issues or do they care by addition of their international image? Human trafficking is generally execute in the Caribbean in an effort to supply a demand for cheap, uneducated labour (irregular immigrants) and for sex workers in the tourist industry (irregular migrants).Human trafficking is common in many regions which are overpopulated and have high unemployment and poverty rates. According to the IOM* legitimate Review concerning trafficking in the Caribbean statue laws have been put in place for the pursuit of traffickers, the testimonial of trafficking victims and the bar of trafficking activities. Outside of the US and Europe, many other countries do not have the resources to put in place extensive command to fight human trafficking. However, at that place are some laws that can exten d help to train trafficking activities.The Caribbeans inability to compare favourably with the train of the US and Europes fight against human trafficking is due to many economic, social, and legal factors. most such factors are * Law enforcement including prosecution and sentencing which may overly be as a result of often using outdated sad codes with inadequate penalties, many of which have not been amend since the countries gained their independence. (IOM 2005) Most Caribbean nations do have the desire to eradicate human trafficking precisely when the state of their economies diametric with their pre-independence law enforcement techniques serve as a deterrent.Of all the countries that have do an effort to combat human trafficking, Guyana has been the most winning by drawing off a bill to Parliament which includes life penalties for trafficking persons, and crocked penalties for other trafficking cerebrate activities. This bill covers every eventuality concerning h uman trafficking. Jamaica has also introduced the Child pity and Protection Act which stipulates a penalty of ten years for trafficking children and provides protection to child victims. The preparation that covers trafficking states that 10. (1) No person shall shop or get into in the trafficking of any child24 This leaves the consist of us at the will of traffickers, dont you think. Unless the victim is a child, there is alone no law to cover such an eventuality. at that place is no code that criminalizes trafficking in women and children however elements of the crime are upheld in the criminal code. still considering that some instances of human trafficking is likely to be for sexual purposes, sexual offences law can help to prosecute criminals involved.Most Caribbean countries include in their constitutions a guaranteed liberty from forced labour and slavery. This guarantor dictates a unsounded right provided does not include how it is to be imposeed. This right is o nly enforceable against the state and not private individuals or entities, which means there is no provision for redress against actual traffickers. There are clearly inadequate viands for victims of human trafficking, largely due to the limited resources that are available to implement these services.The patchwork criminal approach can strain to be apply as a substitute for a mitigate legislative constitution until concrete provisions are instituted to cover the eventualities of human trafficking. And even then it is recommended that the weak and inconsistent criminal laws are reformed. outside(a) LAWS AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING 1. linked Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 2. joined Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children 3.joined Nations Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air 4. United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN. GIFT) 5. oecumenica l Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 6. Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking (COMMIT) * Coordinated by China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam 7. Caribbean Counter-Trafficking Model jurisprudence 8. Belize Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Act, 2003 9. Guyana Combatting of Trafficking in Persons Act 2005Human Trafficking in the CaribbeanThe law is not effective in dealing with the problem of human trafficking. Discuss (using relevant International and Domestic law). According to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, Human Trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by threatening or using force, or any other form of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or giving or receiving payments or benefits to relieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.Human Trafficking is characterized by 1. The A ct (What is done) 2. The Means (How it is done) 3. The Purpose (Why it is done) People may fall victim to Human Trafficking for many purposes. One common purpose is for prostitution. Sexual labour is identified as coerced labour. Other common purposes are for child labour and the sex trade. The Vatican has described Human Trafficking as being worse than slavery and has been described as the Silent Crime of the Caribbean.Regional organizations such as the Association of Caribbean States, CARICOM and the Organization of American States have all expressed their displeasure at the rapid increase of human trafficking cases in the Caribbean. This growing practice impacts many nations across the world and the Caribbean has recently been drawn into what is being called a global panic. In the Caribbean the group causing the most concern in regards to Human Trafficking is Irregular Migrants this includes the females transported to other locations (countries or regions) as commercial sex wor kers.The nature of the purpose can, without scholarly or legislative support, indicate that this is a violation of basic human rights. Caribbean governments are being asked to present an annual report to the US government outlining the steps they have taken and will take to challenge unregulated migration and forced labour, which are indicators of human trafficking. The countries are ranked according to their compliance with US wishes and a country that does not rank well or refuses to present a report are threatened with economic sanctions.Jamaica is among some of the countries that have been negatively ranked. However, the US government believes that Jamaica has the will and potential to improve their third tier status. Most victims of human trafficking may find themselves in situations where they fall prey to both physical and emotional abuse. Oftentimes Caribbean women are lured to the US with false promises of employment and are then sold by trafficking gangs, to the highest bi dders all over the US and Europe. Caribbean states are eager to remain in good moral standing on an international platform.Hence, concerns about human trafficking in the Caribbean have increased mainly due to the idea of female prostitution and the urgency to rescue and protect a womans sexual purity. Makes you think, doesnt it? Do they actually care about these issues or do they care by extension of their international image? Human trafficking is generally practised in the Caribbean in an effort to supply a demand for cheap, unskilled labour (irregular immigrants) and for sex workers in the tourist industry (irregular migrants).Human trafficking is common in many regions which are overpopulated and have high unemployment and poverty rates. According to the IOM* Legal Review concerning trafficking in the Caribbean statue laws have been put in place for the prosecution of traffickers, the protection of trafficking victims and the prevention of trafficking activities. Outside of the U S and Europe, many other countries do not have the resources to put in place extensive legislation to fight human trafficking. However, there are some laws that can offer help to curb trafficking activities.The Caribbeans inability to compare favourably with the level of the US and Europes fight against human trafficking is due to many economic, social, and legal factors. Some such factors are * Law enforcement including prosecution and sentencing which may also be as a result of often using outdated criminal codes with inadequate penalties, many of which have not been reformed since the countries gained their independence. (IOM 2005) Most Caribbean nations do have the desire to eradicate human trafficking but the state of their economies paired with their pre-independence law enforcement techniques serve as a deterrent.Of all the countries that have made an effort to combat human trafficking, Guyana has been the most successful by drafting a bill to Parliament which includes life penalties for trafficking persons, and stiff penalties for other trafficking related activities. This bill covers every eventuality concerning human trafficking. Jamaica has also introduced the Child Care and Protection Act which stipulates a penalty of ten years for trafficking children and provides protection to child victims. The provision that covers trafficking states that 10. (1) No person shall sell or participate in the trafficking of any child24 This leaves the rest of us at the will of traffickers, dont you think. Unless the victim is a child, there is simply no law to cover such an eventuality. There is no legislation that criminalizes trafficking in women and children however elements of the crime are upheld in the criminal code. But considering that some instances of human trafficking is likely to be for sexual purposes, sexual offences law can help to prosecute criminals involved.Most Caribbean countries include in their constitutions a guaranteed freedom from forced l abour and slavery. This guarantor dictates a fundamental right but does not include how it is to be implemented. This right is only enforceable against the state and not private individuals or entities, which means there is no provision for redress against actual traffickers. There are clearly inadequate provisions for victims of human trafficking, largely due to the limited resources that are available to implement these services.The patchwork criminal approach can continue to be used as a substitute for a better legislative system until concrete provisions are instituted to cover the eventualities of human trafficking. And even then it is recommended that the weak and inconsistent criminal laws are reformed. INTERNATIONAL LAWS AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING 1. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 2. United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children 3.United Nations Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air 4. United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN. GIFT) 5. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 6. Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking (COMMIT) * Coordinated by China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam 7. Caribbean Counter-Trafficking Model Legislation 8. Belize Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Act, 2003 9. Guyana Combatting of Trafficking in Persons Act 2005

Role of Ngos in Bangladesh

Role of nongovernmental organizations in Bangladesh In all told spheres of phylogenesis, nongovernmental organizations be reported to have created a landmark in the history of Bangladesh. NGOs as the proper alternative organizations have the vision of imagination, flexibility, autonomy, creativity, innovative machinery, experience resources and strategies of execution of instrument programmers including non formal structural education. NGOs have different projects towards growth.Doubtlessly to say, the NGOs with their constructive efforts have been promoting training strategies by creating unique changes in the field of socioeconomic progress in Bangladesh since her independence. Most of the endeavors made by the NGOs mainly targeted to achieve overall development of the country by meeting pragmatically or practically. The NGOs have their constructive mission in developing the country. They touch the fundamental elements of socio economic development of a country.If human reso urces are non properly used, it will be gradual inactive and useless for the country bringing no utility. The about important NGO innovation has been in the way they reach the poor. A group-based or target group mobilization strategy underpins virtually all development NGO programs aimed at service-delivery. Such an approach serves to fulfill not only the goal of economic improvement through direct targeting and donee participation, but too that of social and institutional development through alter the organizing capacity of the poor to be more able to help them.The denomination of credit as a critical need felt by the poor and subsequent designing of an efficient and cost-effective delivery tool to serve this need, have justifiably become the or so will-known of the development NGO innovations in Bangladesh. The model pioneered byGrameen Bank (GB)has established micro-credit as the most widely replicated anti-poverty program in both government and development NGO sectors. T he role of the development NGOs has been crucial in a number of main(a) healthcare concerns, notably immunisation and diarrhea control.NGOs have been particularly booming in effectively disseminating health through innovative media campaigns. Gains in immunization are already being reflected in reduced infant mortality. cosmopolitan awareness of oral dehydration therapy has also sharply cut put through cases of diarrhoeal deaths. Low enrollment and high drop-out rates have been study problems that plague primary schools in Bangladesh. In response to this the Bangladesh Rural emanation Committee(BRAC) pioneered a remains of model is focused on poor children.It employs new-fashioned Para-professional teachers (mostly female) drawn from the community. A strong emphasis is placed on conjure and community involvement. Some NGOs undertake unique programs of technology transfer. Declining soil natality is an emerging environmental concern. About eight NGOs are currently convolu ted in ground-breaking farm-level innovations in fertilizer-use and pest-management. These activities are complemented are developing an extension system for appropriate technology transfer to homestead floriculture.It encourages cultivation of a mixed bag of fruits and vegetables and teaches the proper method of cooling. The result not only provides income but also improves the nutritional status of the family, particularly children. During the seventies and early eighties, irrigation led agriculture was promoted by the government agencies. Small farmers with an acre or less of land could not afford irrigation technology. In response to the need of the small and marginal farmers and also to promote crop diversification, NGOs developed low-cost irrigation technologies through research and experiment.

The Giant Panda Conservation Project

Although heavyweight lesser pandas argon elevatedly regarded and guard a relatively low number of natural predators, they atomic number 18 an endangered species. Humans beget severely threatened the pandas existence in like manner so that straight off on that point ar fewer than 1,600 of them left in the wild. This peaceful creature with a distinctive black and white coat is adored by the foundation and considered a national treasure in China (WWF, 2013). The bear also is of special importance to the World Wildlife Fund. The panda has been WWFs logo since its founding in 1961. This paper will examine the effectiveness of, and problems related to, the giant panda conservation efforts.The rarest member of the bear family, pandas live mainly in bamboo forests high in the downs of western China, where they subsist almost entirely on bamboo. They moldiness eat from 26 to 84 pounds of it every day. Chinas Yangtze washbowl region, which holds the pandas primary habitat, is t he geographic and economic heart of this sound country. An increasing number of roads and railroads are being created throughout the forest, which isolates panda worlds and pr stillts mating. Forest destruction also reduces pandas ability to access the bamboo they need to survive.The Chinese government has established to a greater extent than than 50 panda reserves. However, only close to 61 per cent of the countrys panda population is protected by these reserves. With the help of conservation organizations and other groups, they have protected more than 45 per cent of the last mountainous regions, equaling over 6,000 square miles of mountain and forest terrain known to be inhabited by wild pandas. They have also set aside corridors of new bamboo for their protection from domesticated sensual grazing, and human interference (International, 2013).Chengdu is known for being the hometown of the giant panda. Back in 1987, when it became apparent that pandas were seriously endange red in the wild, the Chinese created the Chengdu search prime of Giant Panda Breeding. Starting with except six pandas from the wild, theyve successfully bred more than 100 pandas. The work d peerless at Chengdu and other breeding centers be millions of dollars a year. Experts believe that of all species in the world, the giant panda is the wiz species in which the most property is being invested in to save.This has lead virtually conservationists to argue that too much is being spent to save the giant panda. I think we have to crystalize tough choices, British wildlife expert, Chris Packham, said. I think that, ultimately, we have to be pragmatic as well as sentimental. You know, we cant allow our heart to rule our conservation head and if we channel this much into just one species, then many others which could be far divulge helped, many others not just species, but communities and ecosystems, could be damp protected at the expense of one fluffy, cuddly bear (Snow, 2013 ).Packham is in the nonage here, but more and more scientists are starting to agree with him. The Chinese government has had much success in educating the public about the futurity of the giant panda, by setting in place protection against poaching, and even gun control for the reserves. By educating the public, more and more pandas have been brought to the Research Center for recovery and medical help due to injuries or illness. put in down has been banned in the reserves and the bamboo corridors.The roads providing access to the reserves are also being patrolled to help prevent anyone entering without express authority, for the care or study of the environment or the pandas. However, as Packham states, Pandas are inordinately expensive to keep going. We spend millions and millions of pounds on pretty much this one species, and few others, when we know that the best thing we could do would be to imagine after the worlds biodiversity hotspots with greater care. His way of thi nking is that without a habitat, there is nought to work with.His suggestion is that we take all the cash we spend on pandas and buy rainforests with it. He realizes that it is the natural response to want to spend money and time on the panda because they are so cute and cuddly. They just pull at peoples heart strings because of their appearance. The pandas are symbolic of what he refers to as single-species conservation i. e. , a focus on one animal. This cuddle began in the 1970s with Save the Tiger, Save the Panda, Save the Whale, and so on, and it is now out of date.His belief is that pandas have had a valuable role in raising the profile of conservation, but perhaps had is the right word. Panda conservationists differentiate that the panda is a flagship species. But were also conserving Chinese forests, where there are many other species. As long as this conservation works, Mr. Packham states that he is all for it. But some species are stronger than others. The panda is not a strong species of bear in his opinion. It has gone herbivorous and eats a type of food that isnt ll that nutritious, and so is dying out little by little. It is susceptible to variant diseases and, up until recently, has been almost impossible to breed in captivity. This species also has a very limited area of habitation, which is decreasing, since the Chinese population keeps finding ways to use their land. While Mr. Packhams points are valid, it seems he ignores the fact that pandas play a crucial role in the bamboo forests where they roam by spreading seeds and facilitating growth of vegetation.Also, in the Yangtze Basin where pandas live, the forests are home to wildlife such(prenominal) as dwarf blue sheep, multi-colored pheasants and other endangered species, including the golden monkey, and various birds that are not found anywhere else in the world (WWF, 2013), do the panda a very effective flag ship species, which is something that Packham himself verbalise was worth preserving. One belief is that large animals can be extremely useful in the cause for conservation. Smaller creatures often dont need a big habitat to live in, so in conservation terms, its better to strive to save something further up the food chain.By doing this, you are protecting a much larger area, which will also include the smaller animals. Pandas are a good example for the messages you want to put out on habitat conservation. We associate Borneo with the orangutans, the southern oceans with the blue whale, and the northwestern with polar bears. So it is with China and the panda bears (Snow, 2013). Many revere the panda bear and their preservation is important to the Chinese culture. People respond to their situation, which does make a difference.ReferencesBenedictus, L. (2009). Should pandas be left to face extinction? Environment The Guardian. a la mode(p) US news, world news, sport and comment from the Guardian guardiannews.com The Guardian. Retrieved April 27, 2013 , from http//www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/family/23/panda-extinction-chris-packham International, C. (2013). Threats to Pandas. Conservation International. Retrieved April 28, 2013, from http//www.conservation.org/learn/biodiversity/species/profiles/pandas/pandas/overview/Pages/threats.aspx Snow, K. (2013). Are giant pandas worth conservation? Rock Center with Brian Williams. Rock Center with Brian Williams.

The generic environments in which Akzo Nobel

This paper has being able to summary the corporate business operations of Akzo Nobel taking an incisive look into its strategies for gaining competitive advantage.The generic wine wine environments in which Akzo Nobel operates from, such as the frugal, political, technological, sociological and competitive environments have force in the choice of strategy adopted by the business.Giving the level of contestation in the industry where Akzo Nobel operates, to maintain market lead it has operated a generic strategy that has to do with cost effectiveness. Akzo Nobel has severally use mergers and acquisitions to gain economic advantage.The paper also shows strategic and economic implementation by Akzo Nobel through and through different adopted strategic framework. Recommendations were made for ways to further tone up the guilds operations through its adopted strategies.INTRODUCTIONAkzo Nobel administration is a world leading organization with well established companies that con trols its business operations, in the different beas it operates in. the organization is a diversified, multicultural and truly world-wide organization with activities in pharma - harvest-times, coatings and chemical substance substance.The Akzo Nobel organization was founded in 1911, and has its headquarters in Arnhem, Netherlands. With its operative divisions, the organization over many decades have operated in four major divisions, these are in human health care products, animal health care products, coatings and panting, and chemical products.The organization in each of its segmental operations has been a global leader and a household name to be reckoned with. According to Narula & Hoesel, (199944), Among the chemical enterprises AKZO (today AKZO NOBEL) is probably the best known of the Dutch multinationals.In its human healthcare division, Akzo Nobel operates as a technology-based company, which provides healthcare products through its extensive research, development, man ufacture, sale, and service of human health products. In its animal healthcare products, the organization engages in prescription of medicines, veteran products and active pharmaceutical ingredients.In the organizations healthcare products, its human healthcare products are handled by its Organon Company. This was integrated with Diosynth in 2005 for effective operation. The animal healthcare products are handled by the Intervet Company. The Intervet business is the trey largest animal health company in the world (Walker, 2004). The Akzon Nobel organization in its Pharma division has utilized both its Organon and Intervet Companys expertise and know-how, using their technical, regulatory and product development capacities in carrying out its vaccine and other pharmaceutical activities.For good example in 2002, the organization through its Nobilon Company develops and manufactured human vaccines on a global scale. The Akzo Nobel coating segment produces paints, finishes, stains, a nd synthetic resins for industrial applications, overlord painters, and the do-it-yourself sector. Its product area includes decorative/ architectural paint, car refinishes, semiliquid and power coatings for industrial use, marine and yacht coatings, protective coatings, aerospace coatings, and industrial and consumer adhesives (ibid).The third area of operation for Akzo Nobel is the chemical segment. This is made up of a prance of specialty, functional, and commonality chemical based on the production of certain segments in the chemical industry. Its products consist of pulp bleaching chemicals specialty resins surfactants and fatty acids water handling chemicals chlorine and caustic soda polymerization catalysts and salt for electrolysis other chemical industries food applications and consumer use (ibid).The Akzo Nobel organization is made up of 500 companies which are listed on both the Euronext Amsterdam and NASDAQ stock exchanges. The organization primarily operates in Europ e, North America, Latin America, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. It has a workforce of around 61,500 spate and a subdivision of its business in 13 business units, with operational subsidiaries in more than 80 countries (ibid).Strategic Social And Economic AnalysisThe SWOT analysis is a veritable tool to be used in analysing the Akzo Nobel strategic social and economic analysis.

Abrahamic Religions

Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are any very closely unified as Abrahamic religions because they theatrical role a multitude of common beliefs and thoughts. Hinduism, on the other hand is closely complete opposite of these religions. The extreme differences within these religions has seemed to cause problems between them passim history. Hinduism is considered to be an Eastern religion enchantment Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are considered Western. (Lafave,2004. Location, leaders, religious practices, and semipolitical issues are just a few aspects that bring them to differentiating opinions. The Abrahamic religions control some shared ideas and thoughts in relation to feeling and the driving force of the universe. Jews ,Christians, & Muslims completely agree upon the notion that there is only nonpareil creator of all of humanity. They are all monotheistic religions and they rely on holy scriptures as a life guided tool. The Christians use the Holy Bible, Islams refer to the Quran, while Jews refer aroundly to the Torah.All view that the human body is only a temporary state and that if the spirit is a deemed a good one by following Gods plan then it goes on to live eternally in heaven with Jesus or the equivalent. If the soul judged by God is unworthy, then it must live in sinfulness with the devil. Jews, Muslims, and Christians alike all believe in a coming of the Messiah, though at different times. Another shared belief is that GOD is a merciful God and must be respected and given cheers accordingly.He will forgive the sins of the people by repentance and one must live their life according to his teachings. These beliefs are just the tip of the crisphead lettuce when talking about similarities between the Abrahamic religions. Hinduism is an almost complete opposite of the Abrahamic religions. Hindus have no substantial founder of the religion nor do they only idolisation just one God, but different Gods and Goddesses and manifestations or aspects of the Supreme God. Hinduism is considered a polytheistic religion.The life guided scriptures used by them is the Vedas which are considered the oldest and most sacred religious texts. Hinduism beliefs consider karma to determine ones life path for the future in the pedal of reincarnation. Karma is considered to be the universal right of cause and effect. They consider life to be a continuous cycle and the end goal for them is to be lightingd from life by learning the accredited illusions of life and achieve unity with the Brahman. Individuals may find release from life by devotion to one or more of the Indian Gods. (Hopfe &Wood state of ward,2009. p. 98)Hinduism has grown to become the worlds third largest religion. Places of worship overwhelm temples and home shrines. Brahman is the unifying principle and Supreme Reality butt end all existance though is rarely worshipped. Brahma is the most widely cognize and is the recognized one as Creator of the world. The si milarities that are shared by these religions are very few and many conflicts have actually lift from differences in views of the world.In modern civilation in these days and times, I believe in unity of all religions. If the whole world could all come to a common point of understanding, there would be less need for war and misunderstanding of humanity. Even though these religions are deemed so different, I believe there is a unifying force that helped create them all.References Hopfe, L. & Woodward, M. , (2009). Religions of the World,11th ed. Lafave, S. , Retrieved January 2004 from http//instruct. westvalley. edu/lafave/east_west. html

Hyten Corporation Essay

AbstractThe structure of this assignment is such that the questions atomic number 18 non just answered directly but that in that location is a discussion of cosmopolitan come befores by the author prior to confronting the complexities of systems re-engineering. The reader is given a few short philosophical acutenesss into the authors assumption in the preferred method of such organisational permute. It is the accent of this assignment to im sub political program how the organisational variegate get out lead to the organisations culture changing.In the second question which is what is to be done to solve the puzzles and anteriority I look at referred to the worry statements in the first question per number in the first question and consequently rated them in priority.The author has chosen this method of answering for the sake of persistency and ease of reading.General DiscussionPrior to answering the questions posed in this case study the prefigure of departure will be discussed. change over is ongoing in any organisation and this is to be a managed process. The penury for change should be clarified and has to be analysed, the parvenu goal passly laid let out, the change issuanceed and then the whole change thrifty against the goals ab initio stated. Then one kindle see if a smart change or nurture change is necessary. These processes argon laid out in Dr. E. Goldratts book the Critical Chain as The possibleness of constraints.Harvard Professor J.Cotter outlines 8 measurings to bridge the change gap. These steps as shown in the complying illustration bridge the gap among the catamenia state and the desired state.As in Cotters first step the managers of the caller chthonian discussion in the case study argon hence ready to be convinced that current methods argon non working(a) effectively and efficiently. The critical mass has been achieved within HYTEN to effect the necessary change. indoors HYTEN the accent mark in leadi ng the change should be on the premise thathumans have natural in born strengths and will work and implement things in a fashion that allows them to express this natural style.The beat that managers can do is to take cognisance of this strength and play on those strengths in the single. To take this assumption a step further in proposing the hypothesis that certain environments and cultural backgrounds assist individuals to develop certain skills.HYTEN has already shown the ability in its past to adapt to changing macro sparing climate when it re-tooled and changed production after the first Gulf war. This was in truth self-made in the longer term. This is a confirming indication that human resources will change without too frequently disruption to productivityQuestion 1Problems1.The order uses an on the loose(p) bemuse forethought model and the manner in which naked projects be tackled is non as orderly as it could be. (In the complex environment of skintight schedul es and multi-disciplinary teams the cargonfully documented and well managed project will mean that ambiguities and duplications will be greatly reduced. The project manager moldiness provided the adhesive labor for this team.)This is an architectural problem2.The keep company has been rattling successful and managers have been promoted swiftly hence, this comparatively young company grew up around the managers. (This has had a positive effect in as much as the managers have shape ranking(prenominal) managers relatively quickly but has also meant that the managers have become self-complacent and conceptive in their environment.There also has been no introduction of new blood into the cured charge and thus this inbreeding has the effect that cross-pollination with new(prenominal) companies is not happening.)This is a behavioural problem3.The managers for their part argon relatively well ameliorate but seem to have become complacent, they have stagnated and failed to study fu rther and thus have not been exposed to slightly of the newer methods of lineage structuring/management. The focus of these managers seems to be on technology. (The focus on technology for technologys sake is not a good thing. In this type of exertion it is understandable that managers get caught up in the core service of the concern. unless the managers can not neglect studies in other fields or fail to focus on neglected atomic number 18as)This is a behavioural problem4.The care teaching unit is seemingly ineffectual. The colour that they appear tobe amends the areas which are not broken seems indicative of the errors they are making. (The business development unit is seemingly not focusing on their core function and is neglecting key performance areas.They are not promoting the efficient running of projects and internecine policies. In particular they are having the worst possible effect on the company image by making promises that are unachievable and un veridicalis tic.)This is a behavioural problem5.The node has little control over funding, manpower or work done. This on its own is an over sight as the customer is king. He is the sponsor and as such should demand that the resources and work should follow the projects need as some(prenominal) resource demand and funding are provided by him. This will mean that the production will be a push type and not a pull type.(No further comment or explanation needed here)This is a behavioural problem (Perhaps stemming from the fact that HYTEN was used to bit work for the military.)6.Marketing and sales do not have a say as to what projects will fly and what wont. (This seems unidentified as these are the very persons that have front line connection with customers and potential customers and they may see the demand for a particular product.)This is both an architectural and a behavioural problem7.The fact that the authority, role and function of the business development department has gradually expan ded means that there are no clear definitions or man namings given to these important project managers. That a take has not been set up is an indication that senior managers deficiency the will to tackle operational managers.This is an architectural problem8.No initiation freeze on products. (This can be very trying for production)This will cause operable problems but the cause is behavioural9.Production items not 100% are organism refashioned and there seem to be legion(predicate) no-go products be reworked to the determent of products in the system for the first time. (Dr. E Goldratts Theory of constraints)This is an operational problem10.There seems to be a big emphasis on the project manager being technically competent and having intrinsic knowledge of technical detail. The other characteristics that are high on the agenda are work assessments of individuals taking part in the project.This is a behavioural problem11.The HR manager is very interested that theperformance o f individuals is correctly captured between the functional manager and the project manager. sometimes a manager can get a gut musical note about an employee and not be able to document the actual force of that individual fully.This is an architectural problem12.The cited problem of an employee at another company not gettting an increase in line with work carried out or that this employee was performance at a higher level than for which he was employed initially are smoke screens for a basically un enceinte opportunity and promotional material policy at that company and can be avoided by put proper policies. (Dearth of promotion and training policies) (Quite poignant that the one vocalising these words is the very person who should have the answers. )This is a behavioural problem13.Harold Grimes the plant manager vocalises that inborn personnel should be promote to the position of project manager for this new big project as they will have insider knowledge, this is not an on go ing item like production and as such is a once off side. His assertions may lead to great unhappiness of the individual placed in such positions.This is not a problem save as this has not happened but predictions are that this will become a problem in a few years time should this play of action be followed.14.Herman Hall the I.S. Manager thinks precisely in cost of what figurer package is needed for reporting.( The throwing of software solutions at system problems is very common as the managers attempt to avoid real issues and substitute/ relegate control to software.)This is a behavioural problem15.The adaptability of the IS department is very poor as they dont even consider of the shelf solutions or outsourcing assistance.This is a behavioural problem16.Bub Gustwell Scheduling director for all his good sentiments sees the project management way of managing purely as a vehicle to better schedules.This is a behavioural problemSummaryThe tally of current problems is 15 (Oneis a potential approaching problem) this is not the full tally of all the problems or permutations of problems but the major problems have been highlighted.The score is as followsBehavioural problems10 1/2Architectural problems 3 practicable problems1As is evident from the graphic above the overwhelming problems of HYTEN are behavioural. Having said this the fellowship is very successful in a competitive environment. The number of changes are relatively few if one considers the size and extent of the organisation.Question 21-The company not formalising the project management approach is one of the root causes for many of the other ailments, this needs to be addressed as followsProject charter established for each projectStanding of both project managers and functional managers to be clearly laid outAll staff working on projects should be briefed on the role that they are to play and term of their service on that projectAn exit strategy delimit up fount2-The successes of the company and the long serving senior managers Remedial action to the doldrums of the senior managers could be as followsTraining of existing managers in up-to-date business methodsThe implementation of a succession policyThe introduction of some new managers from other companiesEmployment of consultants/specialists to re-engineer the corporation3-The failure of managers to keep up to date with studies This was given a passing mention in type slug point 2Studies in relevant fields other than technology could be arranged by the corporation Workshops on emergent business methods should be heldSubscriptions to relevant business and technology periodicals should be procured for all senior managers and a rotational roster of such periodicals for more junior manages and staff.Establishment of a news server in house where government issues can be discussed e.g. troubleshooting, innovations etc..4-Ineffectual business unitThe whole business unit needs to scrutinised as to function, this may be o utsourcedThis unit needs to revert to the core function as it has drifted5-The control that customer has over funding andresources This needs military rank and by consultation with stake holders a new level of customer betrothal can be reached. The pass is that a customer valuation program be started and that the areas indicated by the customer as high priority be addressed. Not to pre-empt such a program the corporation needs to unfastened chats channels with the client and actively market a positive image to off set the negative one.6-Marketing and sales not having a say This ties in with bullet 5 and the marketing and sales should be found to be repeating what the customer is saying. It is not so much a matter that the sales or marketing is not being hear but that the customer is not been heard. Once the customer evaluation of the company is complete the results moldiness be implemented. There after the evaluation forms should be issued with each customer transaction.7-Exp ansion of the business development unitThis matter was touched on in bullet 4 with a recommendation that this function be outsourced once it is clearly defined within the corporal structureThe objurgate sizing of this department is a second natural selection to outsourcingThe outsourced business development unit should be given measurable objectives and clear brief8-Design freeze of products The fact that there are constant changes in design is a clear indicator that the customer and stake holders are not involved and are not articulating their needsOnce better lines of communication have been established with stakeholders design will be reached by consensus, valuable re-tooling for design change will be greatly reduced9-Rework of unsatis promotery itemsThis can be reduced by continuous quality control. In other words the point of manufacture must be the quality ascendance thus work pieces would not have to counter-flow to the production line and rework would be immediateDr. E. Goldratt proposed the critical kitchen range theory where the weakest segment of the chain is targeted and improved this is then repeated till the system is running optimally10-The emphasis on the technically competent project manager This is just flat solid nonsense as the team is made up of multi-disciplinary specialists. The only step needed here is to clarify this in the project charter.11-Concern that staff are to be graded by two managers On the whole a pooremployee will be seen as such by both managers. The converse being true as well. Having stated this it should be voiced enough for each manager to rate the employee and an aggregate be awarded between the two managers on the Key performance areas and the various related system of weights for those areas12- Employees not getting equitable increases between plantsThis is as described in bullet 11 The job evaluations and job weighting systems must be overhauled then the system of KPS and weighing need to be put into do to assess which team is the most productive.It is flawed to award employees differing increases within a work unit. Best practice is the fixed bonus system were there is no separation between rank or individual13-The promotion of only internal staff due to insider knowledge This is not a problem as yet but may become a problem in future as it may cause a situation of inbreeding. This situation can be remedied easy by correcting the perceptual experience early14-The computer package which is the universal panaceaThis is yet again a perception that must be corrected early. As any package must follow the real world model and as such the real world model must work first.The systems approach is governed by policies and methods these must be implemented fully and not be sitting on a disused shelf.15-The adaptability of the IS departmentThe IS department must be told to evaluate off-the-shelf solutions before considering other alternativesThe IS department must ensure that options for a xial rotation out of new solutions consider the possibility of out-sourcing16-The perception of persons that project management is only schedulesThe only way to change this perception is through educationPrioritization of sanative action and problemsThe first priority is to change the current state of the senior manager studies, once these key persons change their outlook and approach bullet point 3, 2, 5, 6 and 16 will be resolved.The education of managers to a new business approach can not be under stated as they will see the need for customer link and even community involvement, the balanced score card will become an intrigue business tool. The changing of the business culture will be then a natural and easy process. The managers will be secure in their positions and will not feel threatened by the change, in fact they will seethe rewards and start to implement the change from within. imprimatur priority is formalisation and implementation of the various company policies which i mpact on the individuals and structures within the corporation. This must be done in conjunction with the share vision of HYTEN corp. and thus the corporate strategy will be defined in the process.These are the policies which affect1-Staffing pay progression and bonuses2-Formalisation and introduction of project management and project charters3-The scope and powers of the business unitsThe systems approach to the documentation and formalisation of the policies and strategic goals will remediate the ills in bullet points 1, 4, 11, 12 and 14Third priority is the resolution of the functional issues such as reworked items, design freeze and others. These issues are of minor concern in relation to the other items which cut right to the core of the problems. The bullet points 8 and 9 are addressed in this priority.The remaining bullet points not dealt with are not preserved to be priority issues but never the less should be dealt with as a matter of course in the manner laid out in the b ullet points above. Some are misconceptions others are a lack of insight thus need to be quickly remedied.4-ConclusionThe over view of this company is that it is in good condition currently but will not stay in that shape if it doesnt continue to evolve. Many of the points brocaded as problems are inter-related this is highlighted throughout the bulleted points. Intervention in some areas will have to be great will in others it is minimal. The one overarching factor needing change is the ongoing education of senior managers. This company is ripe for change and has many eager young individuals who need development. The Policies are basically sound but need to be revisited both for updating content and implementation.If the changes are implemented HYTEN Corp. will go from strength to strength.Bibliography15th March 2006, The Eight-stage commission Process of MajorChangehttp//www.freequality.org/sites/www_freequality_org/Documents/knowledge/ManageChange_MiniTutorial_MT%20_2_.pdf.Progr am Managing Organizational Transformation, Change and transaction Improvement. Prof. Pieter Steyn and Erik SchmiklThe Critical Chain, Dr. E. Goldratt 2nd edition

Importance of Computer in Schools Essay

Tara Dodrill began typography professionally in 1990. She is a snuff it writer and photographer working for print and online media, primarily covering Florida, ecotourism and off-the-beaten-path destinations. Her writing credits include RUMBUM, Yahoo News, Visit South magazine,and North Carolina coastal Guide. She studied journalism and education at Ohio University and real estate at Hondros College. Computer classes in schools ar important to a well-rounded education. Students be instructed on the basics of computer use as early as kindergarten.Educational software, often presented in a game-like format, entertains younger students while they apprise key concepts. ? Technology Skills * The importance of computer study in schools goes beyond the reinforcement of classroom subjects and remedial assistance. Nearly all students will be faced with the need for applied science skills when they attend college or enter the workforce. Keyboarding Classes * Keyboarding classes in elemen tary schools have replaced the old-fashioned typing classes once offered in spicy schools.Students get hold of at a young age how to use computers to stimulate reports, type essays and research homework assignments. * Career Preparation * Computer skills learned in middle school and high school will profit students during higher education courses and their careers. Students as young as 12 learn how to create Power Point presentations, video projects and photo slideshows. Online Access * By learning how to use computers, students even in low-income areas have access to the universe at large.Online learning courses, which were once a rarity at colleges, at one time comprise a large portion of many schools course catalogs. cock-a-hoop Learners * Students who are introduced to computer courses at an early age adapt chop-chop to advances in technology, and typically do not fear additional prep and new concepts as adult learners. Effect of accomplishment and technology in our l ives As what I understand about how Science and Technology affects our lives, That on that point are advantages and disadvantages. The Advantages are, it makes our lives simple by apply equipment that can easily land up and do well the work or job.We can save much time and energy so that we can perform and do our otherwise job. We can right off easily communicate our love ones and relatives by using cellphone and internet, it can connect us even they are in the other part of the world and then with digital camera, we can discriminate them just like they are in front of us. Technology now can give us more information about what are happening around the world that help us to get alert and prepare for disaster and calamity that might happen in our ground or in our place.Science and Technology can cure our diseases, extend us shelter and foods for crowd wad. Most of the heap think that in that location are more advantages of science and technology as compare to the disadvan tages. The study advantage of science and technology is that it has made our lives easier like invention of technology has decreased the manual work. The use of technology in agriculture has increase our productivity. Doing work at workplaces is easier because of invention of computers and notebooks.Development of technology in kitchens, smasher parlors, workplace, research labs and in all fields of life has become the necessity. straight we can study and understand our history,culture and society and by the help of Science and Technology we can share our stories of whats happening in our life, what we see and what we peril to by this way we can to a fault help the children of the next generation. The major(ip) advantage of technology and science is to assist mankind in nutrition well and more easily and in better health.There is also disadvantages on Science and Technology Many years comes our atmosphere behind destroy because of the air pollution that came from the factory a nd it can cause kB House Effect (GHE) it is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gasses and is re-radiated in all directions. And it is harm for the people. Science and Technology make people lazy because people just depend on it and not do there work well.It will increased the anxiety of our lives, when technology goes in the wrong hand it can have an negative impact in our society it can create cyber crime, hacking, stealing of personal information and crock websites. It also gives opportunities to the terrorist to make crime like bombing. As technology develops we jam our traditions style of living. it simply destroying our life styles. It also destroying our nature because of illegal logging, and archeological site and others, this is the cause of landslide and flood that can kill many people because nature cant stop it anymore.

Religious Fundamentalism Essay

To what extent is it original that ghostly fundamentalism arose as a reaction to the make up ones minds of the West?It is true to the braggart(a) extent that unearthly fundamentalism arose as a reaction to the works of the West delinquent to US fill-in for Shah, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the support for the mujahidin. However, Western modulate may not be the only factor as globalization and the unsuccessful person of modernization and secularization also play a secernate in the rise of apparitional fundamentalism.At that point of time, many Islamist organizations make themselves in opposition to the West, and particularly the United States, especially as the last mentioneds foreign indemnity has become ever more(prenominal) interventionist in the region. The death of the democracy in Arab states in combination with the collaboration betwixt the US government and many regimes in the Middle East prevented authoritative opposition groups from expressing themse lves. In force-out, they have no say in the zip of their countries. As a yield, they turn to religion for divine validation.The emergence of the overly anti-American Islamic Republic of Iran reflected the wave of touristed discontent with US interference and influence throughout the region. The shah was restores to power by an army coup inspired and paid by the US and the UK, despite his lack of popular support. He pressed on with his White Revolution, which was ever more dependent of Western capital and governmental leadership. Therefore, due(p) to US backing of the Shah, it provided aids and military supply to him indeed making Iranian to dislike the Shah and leading to the rise of religious groups.The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan triggered international jihadism. As Muslims around the world, from the Middle East, Southeast Asia in the West volunteered to join the fortify struggle. US and Saudi Arabia recruited Muslim volunteers around the world to aid in the jihad w ith the Soviets. The Afghan experience encouraged individuals such(prenominal) as Osama stack away Laden and Muslim states such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Pakistan to intent religious justifications for armed conflict. As the withdrawal of the Soviet Union mythologized as an Islamic victory a accessionst a secular superpower and strengthened private-enterprise(a)Islamism as an active, energized doctrine through which Islamic political aspirations could be attained. When otherwise Muslims saw this victory, then began to want to be part of the Jihad and thus leading them to creating their own religious fundamentalist group. Therefore, due to the West influence of recruiting Muslim volunteer around the world to go to war, it rattling influences the Muslim and thus leading to the rise of religious fundamentalism.US supports for the mujahedeen in the Afghan war also lead to the rise of the religious fundamentalism. In its fight against the USSR, US not only trained the religiously influenced Mujahedeen elements but also provided arms, economic aid and gave diplomatic support for the Islamic fundamentalist. The jihadi mind set, propagated through training centres throughout the region, began to hand out and gain credibility faster than the US had foreseen. The short-sighted nature of American foreign policy in this period helped to create the forces and leadership structures of militant Islamism, forces that emerged as the superior challenge to US hegemony in the post-Cold War World. The American willingness to fund enemy movements created a cadre of professionally trained, combat-ready Islamists. As a result of its involvement in Afghanistan, the US inadvertently assisted in the population of a network of highly trained militant.For instance, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the sequel US support for the Islamic militants led to the rise of Taliban in Afghanistan. Taliban spread its ideology to various other regions and as a result, there came into universe a number of organizations and groups championing the ideology of Jihad and other forms of extremist religious forms in different parts of the world. On the flip side, western influence is not the only factor that leads to the rise of religious fundamentalism as the effect of globalisation also plays a part in creating religious groups. In countries that combine some modernization with little or no democratization, religious fundamentalists experience official opposition. They may enjoy an increased capacity to vocalise their own agenda and mobilize resources, but have little or no opportunity to promote that agenda in the formal political process.Consequently, regions of the world that have experienced some modernization, little democratization and the far-flung diffusion of militant political theologies have producedradical religious movements such as Al Qaeda and Hezbollah. Globalization increased the capacity of religious actors to project influence, mobilize resourc es and attract followers across national boundaries. For example, millions of Christian around the world circulated bulletins via email and the internet detailing how their fellow believers were persecuted in far-flung, obscure locales like Orissa in eastern India, Kaduna in Nigeria and Sulawesi in Indonesia. Therefore, due to globalization it then leads to the rise of religious fundamentalism as through globalisation it has made the world a smaller place.An effect of modernization and secularization is another factor that leads to the rise of religious fundamentalism. Modernization, be it gradual or rapid has challenge the religious tradition. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists incline towards aggressive, politicized and purified meter reading of Islamic theology such as Sharia, argued that the root of mounting social problems in Islamic societies lies in a lack of religious fidelity, deprave secular elites, ceding to Western manipulation and the absence of a real universal Islamic community.Christian fundamentalist have made blanket(a) use of political action to promote traditional biblical determine and beliefs in the US society, to recreate the US as a Christian nation. Among the governmental secular measure that helped arouse Christian fundamentalism un the US were the proposed allude Rights Amendment and some key Supreme Court measures, especially the outlawing of prayer in the public schools in 1962 and the granting of abortion rights in 1973. Fundamentalist Christian believes that the password forbids abortion and that outlawing the school prayer is an abomination. Therefore, due to the failure of modernization it actually leads to the rise of religious fundamentalism.In conclusion, Western influence plays a enormous role in the rise of religious fundamentalism. However, the effects of globalisation and the failure of modernization also is one of the factors in the rise of religious fundamentalism.

Economic globalization makes rich get richer, poor get poorer Essay

Economic globalization is the unifying of all the economic systems and markets realismwide. The world obviously is nowhere near true globalization, but countries are qualification huge strides towards it. There is a premise that globalization makes luxuriant countries richer and scummy countries poorer. However, I do not agree with this. Firstly, it is true that the rich may very well pick up richer by globalization. It opens up new investiture opportunities and new growth and if they are wise they can benefit financially. recede the recent boom in emerging markets. It is mainly the rich who call for access to invest in these markets, and thus, the rich get richer. I would argue, however, that globalization has a very strong force to actually make the rich poorer. For examle, there has been much talk about outsourcing and that it is bad for America because American jobs get moved abroad. Now those Americans who have had their jobs outsourced are certainly poorer, and in this scenario the Americans are the rich so once again the rich got poorer.The cerebration that the poor get poorer is in most ways unfounded. Sweat-shops are an exemplification of a terrible characteristic of globalization. Nevertheless, the use of sweat-shops is declining thanks to consumer pressure. Additionally, sweat-shops are a function of the governments of the countries in which they exist. It is not globalizations fault that sight are treated poorly in a country, but sooner it is the fault of that government for not looking out for the welfare of its people. beyond that, though, I believe globalization is helping the poor get richer. To start, amaze the example in the previous paragraph and reverse it.While Americans losing their jobs get poorer, workers in other countries get richer. Multinational corporations are finding these ontogenesis countries provide very appealing investment opportunities and so they are position their money into these countries, by so doing, helpi ng them to grow and enriching their citizens. Globalization typically leads to the industrialization of countries that have not been industrialized and makes the world a recrudesce place for everyone.

Obesity and Pregnancy Essay

contribute you ever leisurely walked down an isle at Target and detect a pregnant women waddling from side to side and thought to yourself man she is plummet? Well she re tout ensembley is. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess remains fat has accumulated to the extent that it may go for an adverse effect on health, leading to rock-bottom life prevision and increased health problems. Maternal fleshiness is a major essay accompanimentor in short term for both maternal and fetal complications, including maternal and fetal mortality, miscarriages, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders, marcrosomia and caesarean sections.A do by could be affected by these tragic events up until the age of 18. This revoke of the corpulency enumerate has a devastating impact on implications for the democracys health care system and the populations approaching quality of life. The normal cant over for women is (BMI 19. 8 25. 9), (BMI 26 29) fo r lumbering women and a BMI over 30 is considered cogent. BMI is k presentlyn as Body Mass Index, which is a number calculated based on weight and height. Pregnant women strive excess weight due to the lack of pattern. The majority of women do non know that they can continue exercising at least trio quantify per week during pregnancy.Women should be to a greater extent informed about everything they should and should non do during their pregnancy. The most common type of exercise for pregnant women is walking. Gardening, aerobics, and enjoyment of exercise machines are as well as means of exercising. Exercise similarly has many other salutary health effects much(prenominal) as reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers as well as improved quality of life and emotional status1. If you conceived the child and so why not exercise instead of a fate at miscarrying it? A pregnant cleaning ladys diet is an essential part of her pregnancy. times o ut of 10, a pregnant woman constantly hears from her peers that she look ats to extinguish more than since she is eating for two.We forget the fact that she could potentially become orotund. From a doctors standpoint, he should take the initiative to urge the become not to go overboard with eating. Both puzzle and baby need a balanced diet full of varied fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, unsaturated plant-based fats, fiber and calcium. Refined grains, most butt againsted foods and foods high in lolly and saturated fats should be avoided. The development of the babys organs and bones depend on obtaining sufficient nutrients from the set about.Despite the fact that pregnant women do not need to become obese they also do not need to diet during pregnancy. Maternal obesity is associated with an overall higher rate of labor induction, which requires higher oxytocin and prostaglandin doses than for women of normal BMI. Oxytocin is responsible for remark of milk ejection (milk letdown) and for stimulation of uterine smooth muscle condensate at blood line. Prostaglandins are important mediators of uterine activity. It is very common for an obese woman to have a cesarean section instead of a natural pregnancy.Obese women are two to three times more alikely to have an emergency cesarean due to factors such as a large baby or failure to progress. Why would you ask to go through the agony of getting cut open like a dissected pig when it isnt necessary? Maternal overweight and diabetes (gestational and type 2) has repeatedly been associated with a number of delivery complications, which includes prolonged birth, birth asphyxia, shoulder dystocia, injuries to the baby and the mother, increased practise of instrumental vaginal deliveries and cesarean sections, and postpartum hemorrhaging2.Some long-term effects are also associated with obesity in pregnancy such as an increased take a chance of having diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. Durin g pregnancy, serum markers of inflammation are raised in overweight and obese women when compared with their normal BMI counterparts2. Other problems during pregnancy also link with chronic inflammation. Cord blood from babies born to obese mothers also has lower mean vitamin D concentrations when compared to those born of women with normal BMI.A fetus depends on maternal skin exposure for activation of vitamin D, but if the mother is obese then it is likely that she is vitamin D deficient. There is consequently probatory scientific evidence to support the requirement for maternal vitamin D adequateness in pregnancy for normal development of the fetal brain and skeleton. vitamin M deficiency is also common in obese pregnant women. folate deficiency in the general pregnant population is associated with an increased risk for fetal neural tube defect, and this risk is reduced by the use of pre-conceptual folate2.Data from the National Maternal and Infant Health Survey showed that among the women who crystaliseed more than the recommended weight during pregnancy, greater than 30% retained an average of 2. 5 kgs at 10 to 18 months postpartum as opposed to retention of 1 kg among women who spend a pennyed at the recommended level1. If women are encouraged to keep weight withdraw during their pregnancy then they wont have to face obesity postpartum. Researchers are still in the process of finding other ship canal to prevent obesity during pregnancy such as efficient ship canal to diet.Provision of weight management services to advise and educate regarding obesity-associated obstetrical risk and weight optimization prior to conception is strongly recommended2. angiotensin-converting enzyme thing that women would not normally categorize as such a pornographic issue is regularly monitoring their blood pressure, which would be a start of becoming a healthy mother. Screening for gestational diabetes, using a 75 g OGTT, should be undertaken in all women with BMI 30 kg/m 2 between 24 and 28 weeks gestation2. No women should want to look and feel as fat as an elephant. Therefore, it is beneficial to continue physical activity afterward having a baby.The measurement of psychosocial attributes in the postpartum period has largely focused on postpartum depressive disorder and social support, with little anxiety to the role these and other psychosocial factors may bout in health behaviors associated with weight retention and activity3. During pregnancy, some women are sick about their weight and think they have a negative body image. Some say that they feel as if they are as big as a house.Postpartum depression has received much attention among clinicians because 10-16% of women meet diagnostic criteria for major depression. Women with excessive pregnancy weight gain (20? kg) gain up to 10. 2. 1? kg of adipose tissue4. If a woman plans on having another child after being obese during the front pregnancy then she will most likely be obese du ring her second pregnancy. One would not believe something so detrimental to your health, such as a smoker continuing to smoke during pregnancy would take a shit no weight gain. It is astounding that those who dont smoke could gain more than those who do. The Stockholm Pregnancy and Weight Development Study on 1423 women concluded that, apart from pregnancy weight gain, only smoking purpose can be considered as a predictor for persistent weight gain after 1 year postpartum4.Lactation is known as something to facilitate weight loss after pregnancy. Production of milk is an energy-requiring process and has been calculated to increase energy requirements by 500? kcal per day4. This is due to the fact that the net efficiency of milk synthesis in women is high. Weight changes after delivery are dependent on factors other than lactation status. Sarah Leigh, a 30-year-old obese pregnant mother, found out she had gestational diabetes. Sarah was very self-conscious about this situation an d does not wish to report anything other than her label and age.She describes the daunting changes she had to make in her day-to-day lifestyle. Sarah Leigh had to check her blood scar levels up to six times a day. The sugary sweets that Sarah Leigh usually enjoyed would now have to be cut out altogether. There would be no chocolate and fruit even had to be eaten in moderation. Even though Sarah Leigh made the changes to her diet, her blood levels were still high and she had to be put on medication to control the diabetes. Sarah Leigh explained how even though she felt deprived of all her favorite foods she feels healthier.Sarah enjoys her new lifestyle of eating a wide alteration of foods. As long as she eats in moderation then her blood sugars remain balanced. Sarah talked about how there were times when she just precious to taste a chocolate bar, but she knew that she and the baby were better despatch without it. Sarah would like to express to everyone that if they feel they h ave a slight chance of having gestational diabetes to go to your doctor immediately. The sooner it is treated then mother and the child are in better shape.Behavioral interventions, such as advising women of the recommended weight gain ranges, and promoting healthy dietary intake and regular exercise during the prenatal and postpartum periods may prove important in preventing obesity and the related health problems later in life. People should keep in mind that body weight tends to increase with age, irrespective of whether women have children or not. A pregnancy should be carefully planned. Two lives are at stake instead of one.

Contextual Knowledge in Program Planning: A Personal Reflection

Program formulation is a challenging and analyzable task. Its complexity lies not lone(prenominal) in the computer platformme details or the earreach to which the curriculum is targeted to, but in the varied privateities or experiences of the planners. numerous an(prenominal) times as planners, we communicate what we atomic number 18. We want to inculcate our belief and personal perception to audience including our biases. Planning itself requires much effort. With interpersonal issues among planners, the issue becomes more(prenominal) difficult to deal with as experts rub against each other. Answer to brain 1Planning involves the participation of different stakeholders or team members. Different ideas flow and detrition against each other. Power issues surface and the battle over whose idea or whose proposal is better rages. When faced with this circumstance, I t oddity to speak start my mind. I listen to others thought as well. I go over the positive and negative a spects of each idea. I weigh the options and vote for the take up unitary. I respect each person or team member. I realized that when it comes to power relations, there are different motivations lying beneath.At first, I believed planners are sincere and focused in doing service. Yet, when I had my first sweep up with power struggles within my circle, it dawned on me that some planners have their personal agenda. It could be something beneficial to them. So far, there is nothing I would like to flip ab come to the fore my current beliefs. But I want to reinforce the arbitrariness that planners must be objective and must be wiling to let go of personal biases or motivation for the good of many. Answer to Question 2Listening and generate communication are the skills that I utilize in every planning session. Listening requires much effort as it involves more than hearing different ideas. Listening is digesting each idea and respecting it. Listening is acknowledging one planners t houghts and knowledge. Communication, on the other hand, is being open with the possibilities of accepting and trying out the ideas. It may also mean acceptance for every pinch glowering d take in. Open communication is healthy and acts as a bridge.If there is something that I would really want to practice in my belief system is the win-win solution. duologue is coming up with the best solution with minor compromises that serve both rallying parties. Answer to Question 3 Planning a program for adults is an enjoyable task. Ethically talk, adults are en entrusting students who are experts in their receive right. They can make decisions with or without outside intervention. Each adult is a well of knowledge having gone through different life experiences.These culture are brought out through a participatory instruction process. Usually, my beliefs are challenged when a co-planner becomes so very intellectual in approach and dismisses my suggestion that adult learners are learne d, by virtue of experience. I usually answer by reasoning that through the adult learners participation, the program can be much more engaging with the learner themselves speaking out and contributing to the discussion. The conventional funnel method or top-down approach in teaching is not the best way.I get bilk when participatory learning is bypassed. I feel like the learners have so much to offer. As a program planner, I would like to render on the value of a person or a learner in the learning process as very ethical and critical. This is one reality that I would like to emphasize in my practice. A learner-centered program is needed to effect change in a training program. thither are messages than can be more effectively conveyed to the learners or audience through participatory method. People learn by themselves.Learning is not enforce or enforced. In his 1982 book, Living, Loving and Learning, Buscaglia cited Carl Rogers who wrote You know that I dont believe that anyone ha s ever thought anything to anyone. I question the efficacy of teaching. The only thing that I know is that anyone who wants to learn impart learn. And maybe a teacher is a facilitator, a person who puts things down and shows people how kindle and wonderful it is and asks them to eat. (p. 7) We are all learners. We learn from each other.Even experts learn many things from their participants. No man has the monopoly of knowledge and experiences. One mans learning differs from others. We all have our own way of learning. Answer to Question 4b I have not left a planning situation tied(p) if I am not totally sold to the agreed ideas or methods even if my own suggestions are downplayed. I stayed to learn from them. I still joined to see if their methods based on their belief system will work. It is all about respect and giving opportunities to other parties to have their own way.I hanged on to see the results of the evaluation. Probably, what would make me leave is the honest and face -to-face rejection of my ideas later on a poor training program. I would leave if they lost trust and direct all the blame to me. I would humbly resign. I will not burn the bridge between us but wish to re-connect with them again in the future, should they need my services again. After all, the world is polished and who knows, we may end up needing one another at the end of the road someday.ReferencesBuscaglia, L. (1982). Living, loving and learning. New York Random House.

Level 3 Child Development

Child Development Project CYP Level 3 Main principles of tuition The main principles of maturement be * Physical suppuration gross and fine motor skills * Communication information * Social education * Emotional t severallying * Intellectual bafflement * Moral development Sequences of development Sequences of development be the order in which tikeren develop on the whole fryren companion the same date of development but at different rates.For shell the range of physical development starting timeing from birth result start with a baby publishing his/her head towards a sound because commensurate to hold their head up one by one sit up with support and reach for objects start to crawl and sit up singly begins to stand up holding onto objects and walking a wheel holding onto things. The sequences press out on throughout life and at that signal are different areas of development in which sequences occur. How development and tuition are interconnectedBabies and squirtren are learning from you all the time, a good example to explain this would be if a baby isnt spoken to often then that baby impart lack in their communicatory skills in the future were as a baby who is moveed with frequently depart learn words and develop communicational skills quicker than a peasant who isnt. Also a tike will senesce in their moral skills by learning that we dont snatch toys when they are told that it is wrong to snatch and that we wait until that kidskin is immaculate playing with it then you are welcome to have it.And if you turn it round a child will learn it is right to wait for their turn with a toy instead of snatching when they are praised for doing so. Rate of development both children will follow the same sequence of development but non all at the same time, all children are different. For example non all children will walk in advance their 1st birthday and non all children will be able to use the potty independently by the age o f 2.A child whitethorn be developing at a steady rate in one area of development but whitethorn be try with another area, that is where adults step in and support them in furthering their development in that area. Different areas of development so-and-so affect other areas for example physical send away affect feelingal, a child will learn to manage their emotions by having the experience, a child will experience that if there is only one balancing glitter then they will have to be patient if there are other children on it at the same time as him/her.Development is holistic means that each area of development can be abnormal by another area of development for example if a child cant identify the colour red and cannot deal with the emotion of macrocosm wrong (emotional development) then his level of resilience will slack and wont have the effrontery to try new things which will affect his intellectual development. How and why variations occur in rate and sequence of developm ent and learning Thing that could cause variations in the rate and sequence of development and learning are * Culture * Health inheritables * wealth * Disabilities * Environment and surroundings 3 examples Culture some cultures are stricter than others which may mean the expectations of the child are higher than another child who has a different background. A child from a strict culture and who is pass judgment highly of will most in all probability develop quicker than a child who is expected to do what they can and challenged when they are ready to hightail it on. Health a child with asthma who cannot join in all sports and physical activities could cause a delay in their physical development.Wealth a child who lives in a house with a garden and a bike with no stabilisers to practice on will most probably be able to ride a bike with no stabilisers before a child who lives in a block of flats who is only able to go and practise when someone can take him out. Explanations of the pattern of development in the first 3 years and skills typically acquired at each stage Personal factors influencing development, including Health could delay a childs physical development if they are not able to join in physical activities because they wont get the experience they need to develop their gross motor skills further.Disability could delay a childs favorable development if they feel left out, it may lower their self-esteem and their confidence in making friends therefore they wont be getting the experience they need to develop their social skills and their emotional development because they wont be learning to wait their turn and share. Also they may lack in a can do attitude which could hang-up them from trying new things and trying once again if they fail the first time. Genetic inheritance Sensory impairments usually result in the other senses fitting stringer.Although it could delay the childs development if it isnt calld early, the earlier it is diagnose the earlier the child can be supported and be taught applicable things in a way that suits them. Learning difficulties could affect the way the child interacts with other children which could delay their social and emotional skills because they could either not interact enough or interact in an angry way because they are frustrated with themselves which in that case the child doesnt know how to make do their emotions.External factors which influence child development, including Motivation is very important, for a child to progress their development they need motivation to try new things and to try again if they arent able to do it the first time. Without motivation a child is likely to lack in resilience and self-esteem because they dont have that person telling them its okay, to keep practising, sometimes there are things we are not able to do but sometimes we can do things that other cant. Economic, social, cultural and environmental. Family environment and backgroundBullying if a child is being bullied or discriminated against then it will lower their self-esteem, they wont want to socialise and make friends and they will withdraw themselves from groups which will not benefit their development because they wont have a can do attitude towards learning and trying new things. Adult expectations if the child is expected highly of then it could end in the child being well developed or the child not managing the pressure and struggling to manage their feelings and behaviour. If the adults expectations are reasonable to the child then they should develop at their own rate.Education The potential effects of pre conceptual, pre-birth and birth experiences on development The regard of current research into the development and learning of babies and young children How learning takes place in different ways The Importance of play in childrens development Physical Development Gross motor Skills and Fine Motor Skills to include development of locomotion, balance and co-ordination 0 3 YEARS 4 7 YEARS 8 -12 YEARS 13 19 YEARSOnset of pubescence and adolescence Activities to promote development

Northern Lights by Philip Pullman Essay

How is tension take ind in the call down and how does it make the lecturer impression for Lyra?In northern light Philip Pullman takes the reader on an exciting journeying which has unexpected conclusions that catch their imagination. Suspense is built up throughout as Lyras life is in danger. The story outlines the feelings of Lyra as she goes on the stimulate voyage. Philip Pullman has created imagery by using adjective and adverbs to give it life.In the extract tension is created and Lyras feelings have been expressed as she worries for Roger. The extract shows the reader a bit most Lyras personality. Ent you hear of the Gobblers?This shows that she is not well educated as her English is not correct.They ent real, Gobblers. Just a story.They areLyra said Suddenly she snarl very afraid. Pantalaimon as a fierce lion, sprang in her arms and growledIn these lines Philip Pullman expresses Lyras character she is portrayed as some whiz that wants her own authority and does not li ke it if someone argues against her. She also can be furious seeing that she got very aggressive when she heard the bad news and pantalaimon false into a lion.And then something else had hit her heart where was RogerThis sentence is very sizable as the short sentence make the reader feel as if they were Lyra.In Mrs colters flat, everything was pretty. It was full of light. and the walls were covered in delicate gold and white striped wall paper. it seemed to Lyras innocent eye, with pretty little china boxes and shepherdesses and harlequins of porcelain.Phillip Pullman portrays Mrs colter as a very nice typical lady. He represents her flat by creating a picture of a clean, open and bright place. Lyra will not funny a thing as she seems so nice and friendly. Pullman has created a sell of tension as the audience will be worried for Lyra and what Mrs Coulter will do to her.Page 72 and the extract together create an extra special touch to the novel because they create a consider able deal of suspense. Lyra is being convinced by Mrs Coulter to be her colleague on the journey she is going on however Lyra has no realised that she is the one that is kidnapping the children. In the story before Lyra is telling her friends about someone who eats children and at that point the audience will be pulled into the story but they dont know if Lyra will be caught by her.As the story continues Lyra meets Mrs Coulter who is the kidnapper. Now the tension very builds.Mrs Coulter said So Lyra Im to have an assistant, am I Yes said Lyra simplyNow that Lyra will be assisting Mrs Coulter the audience will start to worry for Lyra.Philip Pullman uses tension very in effect as he has created suspense right from start to the end as Lyra faces many problems. He has even used imagery to portray the abstruse world. He has portrayed Lyras character very effectively as the reader know now what her personality is like. The reader gets an understanding of how Lyras life has been up un til now. Overall the story is a nice one because the reader goes through an adventure including sadness and happiness.

Wegener and the Theory of Continental Drift

Prepared for Dr. burbot Hauser Shorter University EASC 2060 The inborn World Submitted by Lillie Momon December 6, 2011 Running head Wegener and the Theory of Continental Drift Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) was a German scientist in the fields of meteorology, astronomy, and geology. He was unitary of the first scientists to theorize about the Continental drift or chastes in motion, which supports the belief that the Earths continents once were a single land mass. Wegener called this land mass, Pangaea, because the continents began to disturb up, and various parts drifted past from one another.According to Wegener, the east shoreline of Africa and the western sandwich shoreline of South America fit together like a parting of jigsaw puzzle, and when you align the continents at their Continental shelves, their fit is even break down (Wegener, 2007) . When scientist and geologist began to traveler roughly the world, it was even more(prenominal) evident that Wegeners possibility of Continental drift could be possible, because scientist had once thought that the continents had started off in their places, where they now lie. However, Wegeners theory began to change the way people looked at the world. innovationd on the theory of Continental drift, Wegener began to gather evidence from around the world from landforms, fossils, and climate and put it in a book titled The Origin of Continents and Oceans, which was published in 1915. Wegeners theory was rejected because he could not put forward evidence on the force that moved the continents. Base upon the reading of, Conceptual incorporate Science, Harry Hess and Robert Dietz, both scientists came up with a hypothesis that linked, Wegeners theory of Continental drift, to seafloor spreading. The seafloor is repeatedly changing as new geosphere forms in mid ocean the older lithosphere is pushed from the ridge into a deep ocean trench, which causes the continents to shift (Weil, 1997) . According to Dr. Heathe r Hauser, a professor at Shorter University, in the late nineteen fifties, geologists engraft new evidence of continental drift, such as 2 rocks coordinated exactly. Both rocks were the same age, and had the same exact genetic structure. These two landforms were ascertained in 1958. The location of these rocks, were western South America and south eastern Africa.This disco very(prenominal) helps prove that continental drift has actually occurred, because it is nearly unrealizable for two rocks of the same kind to turn up on two separate continents (Hauser, 2011) . Then in 1912, Wegener similarly found a tropic plant on the island of Spitsbergen. This island lies north of Norway in the Atlantic Ocean. Today Spitsbergen is cover in ice and has polar climate. This is important because today no tropic plant can grow in Spitsbergen, because its temperature is too cold. Wegener indicated that, Spitsbergen was once nestled to the equator.He thought that this was the only possible solution for the unusual discovery. At the same time when Spitsbergen was warm and tropical, Africas temperature was frost, but today Africa is cognize for its hot and tropical climate. Some geologists have cerebrate that the temperature was once freezing by discovering rocks that are covered in deep scratches. These scratches were caused by continental glaciers. Today, Africas weather is too mild for any type of glacier to form. Wegener concluded that when Pangaea existed, it was closer to the South Pole.Based on science research, when any continent moves to either pole, their temperature begins to drop. Based upon, all of the evidence from the landforms, fossils and climate, leads one to believe that continental drift did occurred (Wagner, 2008) . Scientist also discovered particular fresh water reptilian fossils that have been found in Africa and South America. These two continents were separated by the Atlantic Ocean, making it extremely difficult for the same fossil to be f ound on to different continent. Which makes Wegeners theory more plausible?Scientist later discovered a fernlike plant, which had existed about two coulomb and fifty years ago. Wegener used this plant to prove his theory of continental drift could have occurred, because this plant was found in many locations (Wagner, 2008) . as well as based upon, the evidence from the landforms, fossils and climate, leads scientist and geologist alike to believe that continental drift, actually did occur. We also have our reading material from, Conceptual Integrated Science and a short documentary film on the land crust that was showed in our Science class, the Natural World, which ook placed at Shorter University, supervised by, Dr. Heather Hauser, which implies that the home office tectonics are the main forces behind the changes that happen here on Earth. If we were to use some of the evident of plate tectionic,using the boundary between the peaceable Plate and the North American Plate to illustrate just a few of the fascinating features that are created along these boundaries. According to the evident reviewed, the earths crust is not a solid mass. It is shaped more like a jigsaw puzzle that is made up of continental plates that shift around on top of the mantle.This movement takes place very slowly and large scale movement can only be measured in millions of years according to Dr. Hauser (Hauser, 2011) . Wegeners theory is more often than not based on a combination of two main ideas Continental Drift and Sea flooring. Each piece of the puzzle slides and grinds past, under, over, or away from the other pieces around it. The boundary where the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate meet is called, a convergent boundary. This is where one plate (The Pacific Plate) moves into and then underneath the other one (North America).This creates a whole solidification of grinding, folding, pushing, and otherwise violent forces (Hewitt, 2007) . So therefore, based upon the evidence which have been provide in reference to the landforms, fossils, climate, seafloor spreading, and plate tectonic compels one to believe, that Alfred Wegener, theory of the continental drift really did occurred and that continental drift will continue for millions and millions or years, long after humans are gone. Hauser, D. H. (2011, November 29). The Natural World. (L. Momon, Interviewer) Hewitt, P. G. (2007). Conceptual Integrated Science. San Francisco Pearson. Wagner, I. 2008, Aug 11). The Great Continental Drift Mystery. Retrieved November 28, 2011, from Yale Educational Curriculum http//www. yale. edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1991/6/91. 06. 05. x. html Watson, J. (1999, Oct 11). Dynamic Contienents. Retrieved November 26, 2011, from http//pubs. usgs. gov/gip/dynamic/continents. html Wegener, A. (2007). Continental Drift-An Idea onward Its Time. In P. G. hewitt, Conceptual Integrated Science (pp. 511-517). San Francisco Pearson. Weil, A. (1997, Mar 6). The Rocky tar radiddle of an Idea. Retrieved November 26, 2011, from Plate Tectonics http//www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/geology/techist. html