Concepts of Bio-Electricity

Concepts of Bio- galvanicityIntroductionWhat is Bio-electricity?Bio-electricity is an interdisciplinary theme which refers to the production of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields in biological tissue (Cameron, 1996). This essay focus on the production of electric fields for use in organisms rather than in galvanic circuits. An electric field is an argona approximately a aerated particle created by an electric crowd the magnitude and direction of this force is warnmined by the charge of the particles surrounding it (Dictionary, no date). An utilisation of this in Biology is the electrical system of the heart and the maintaining of membrane potentials in cells in the soundbox.Bio-electricity in NatureAmeri smoke Paddle tipAn example of an organism which uses Bio-electricity in an enhanced form is the Ameri arsehole Paddle tip (or Spoonbill Catfish). These ar large, fresh peeing fish from North America which have an extensive, paddle-like flat nose.The extended nose of the fish is embedded with pores with cells called electroreceptors (Thomas, 2016). These pores spread over the fishs ashes, from the nose to gill covers, covering around half of its skin (Wilkens, 2001). This reserves the detection of weak electric currents in the water they travel in, thus allowing them to hunt their main source of food plankton. These sensors ar extremely sensitive, and argon able to respond to electrical fields of slight than 1/100th of one 1-millionth volt per centimetre (Wilkens, 2001). All organisms unleash weak electric signals (e.g. electrical impulses delinquent to the beating of the heart), and thus jakes be sight by these cells. The electrical signal is sent to the forefront via the neurons. Paddlefish being able to detect these fields aid their survival, as their environment is generally very dark (Thomas, 2016).Electric EelAnother example of Bio-electricity in nature being utilize in a distinguishable way is with the Electric Eel.It can do this due to the electrogenic cells in its automobile trunk called electrocytes, each with a negative charge of around 100 millivolts (Scientific American, 2005). These are all modified muscle cells in the eels tail. When a signal from a command nucleus arrives to each of the cells, a neurotransmitter is released. These are chemical signals which allow information to be transmitted between strikingness cells (Cherry, 2016). As a result of this, a path of low resistance is created, connecting the interior and come on-of-door of each cell. This allows the cells to behave like batteries, with opposing sides of the cell acting as positive and negative terminals (Scientific American, 2005).This is used to both hunt and kill prey. If in sight, prey can be hunted by the eels the release of senior high school voltage pulses of a frequency of 400/s. If these pulses reach another organism, it impart interfere with its neurons, causing them to involuntarily contract. This contraction is extremely strong due to the sequence of the pulses released each lengthy torrent is succeeded by a fit of rapid pulses, making the operate as efficient as possible. As a result of this, the prey can experience complete in brief term paralysis, allowing the eel to attack. The effect is similar of that of a taser on a homo being (Yong, 2014).Similar to that of the Paddlefish, potential prey can also be detected through the use of Bio-electricity. The Electric Eel can send out pulses, once more causing the prey to contract involuntarily. The resulting ripples in the water would reveal the mend of any organism affected, as the eel is extremely sensitive to movement (it can strike within 20 thousandths of a second from when movement is detected). This provides a further opportunity for the eel to kill (Yong, 2014).Moreover, the eel can kill prey (or deter predators) by directly shocking them. Though each individual electrocyte can create only a dainty electric field, the cells are affiliated as parallel batteries are in a circuit, creating a bigger electric field. The combined electrocytes create 3 large electric organs which can take up 80% of the eels body (Giardina, 2016). This means an median(a) Electric Eel can produce electricity of around 600 volts at 2 milliseconds at a time.Bio-electricity in MedicineThe use of Bio-electricity to treat human conditions is being increasingly explored. A link between the immune system, the serial publication of processes which works to primarily fight off disease, and the nervous system, processes which involve electrical signals within the body, is being researched.One of the main method of using our companionship of Bio-electricity in Medicine is through the stimulation of the tenth cranial nerve nerve, also cognize as Cranial Nerve (X). This is one of 12 cranial steel, which are nerves which begin from the brain stem rather than the spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for the motor and sensory functions of our body (InnovateUs Inc, 2013). Of all the cranial nerves, the Vagus nerve is the longest, extending through the thorax, heart, stomach, abdominal muscles and others. This links the brainstem to the body and major organs (particularly the heart), allowing information to be easily transferred in an electrical circuit-like system (InnovateUs Inc, 2013).One of the uses of the Vagus nerve stimulation is the controlling of seizures in epilepsy patients. This is by connecting a small imposture to the left Vagus nerve in the neck. The device can then send out small electrical impulses via the nerve to the brain. This reduces activity in the brain which can deuce-ace to seizures seizures themselves are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. (Epilepsy Society, 2016).A second use of Bio-electricity in Medicine is the use of cardiac pacemakers in the intercession of Parkinsons disease, a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a loss of dopamine producing nerve cells in the brain (NHS Choices, 2016). To help reduce the symptoms of Parkinsons, which include rigidity, tremors and bradykinesia, doctors are implanting a small electronic device called a neurostimulator in patients (Lazarus, 2014). The device sends out regular electrical impulses to areas of the brain responsible for movement. This allows impulse to regular hexahedron the irregular signals which cause the shaking in patients, giving them more control. The wide process is called Deep Brain Stimulation and is a widely used technique to help improve quality of life in muckle with Parkinsons.ConclusionIn conclusion, Bio-electricity is a naturally occurring phenomenon occurring in humans and animals alike, and is immanent to everyday living. Its natural uses explored include communication between the brain and body via neurotransmittors and nerve cells, the detection of prey and predator in animals and its use in hunting. With modern technological advances, its use is being extended to the tr eatment of disorders in humans including depression, Parkinsons, arthritis and epilepsy, many an(prenominal) of which through the installation of electrical devices which send out impulses. With further research and understanding, it is hoped to that it can be used to treat many more diseases, improving quality of life for many more people.BibliographyCameron, J. (1996) Bioelectromagnetism-Principles and applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic fields, by J. Malmivuo and R. Plonsey, Medical Physics, 23(8), pp. 1471-1471. doi 10.1118/1.597895.Cherry, K. (2016) Basics of biological psychology the brain and behavior. ready(prenominal) at https//www.verywell.com/lesson-three-brain-and-behavior-2795291 (Accessed 22 celestial latitude 2016).Dictionary (no date) The definition of electric field, in Available at http//www.dictionary.com/browse/electric-field (Accessed 27 celestial latitude 2016).Epilepsy Society (2016) Vagus nerve stimulation. Available at https//www.epilepsysociety.o rg.uk/vagus-nerve-stimulation.WGHxfFxHa0w (Accessed 27 December 2016).Giardina, T. (2016) ELECTRIC olfaction Scientist explains how eels make electricity. Available at http//www.pressconnects.com/story/news/local/2015/05/30/electric-eels-create-shock/28208993/ (Accessed 26 December 2016).InnovateUs Inc (2013) What is the function of the Vagus nerve? Available at http//www.innovateus.net/innopedia/what-function-vagus-nerve (Accessed 27 December 2016).Lazarus, J. (2014) Surgical Treatment Options. 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Available at http//phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/12/04/electric-eels-can-remotely-control-their-preys-muscles/ (Accessed 22 December 2016).