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COURSE CODE 3050402 PG DIPLOMA EXAMINATION - JAN 2009 PGDCA COMPUTER chat AND NETWORK Time: 3 Hours Max.Marks:75 Section - A 9. expand ICMP? Internet aver Message Protocol (ICMP) define by RFC 792 and RFC 1122 is used for communicate error reporting and generating messages that guide attention. The errors describe by ICMP argon generally related to datagram processing. ICMP lonesome(prenominal) reports errors involving dismantle 0 of any fragmented datagrams. The IP, UDP or transmission control protocol form will usually take action plunge on ICMP messages. ICMP generally belongs to the IP layer of TCP/IP merely relies on IP for support at the realize layer. ICMP messages are encapsulated inside IP datagrams. ICMP will report the by-line network information: Timeouts Network over-crowding Network errors such as an unaccessible host or network. The ping affirmation is also back up by ICMP, and this can be used to debug network problem s. 19. a. Explain about over-crowding control? Congestion Control http://cnx.org/content/m13361/latest/ A technique for observe network recitation and manipulating transmission or forwarding grade for data frames to keep traffic levels from provoke the network medium. It gets its key out because it avoids network traffic jams.

[6] In Asynchronous Transfer trend ( aura) networks, congestion control schemes whitethorn be based on fields at cheek the ATM cell header (CLP, EFCI within the PTI) or may be based on a more advanced(a) mechanism between the ATM end-system and ATM switches. The ATM meeting pl ace has developed a mechanism based on tell! control for Available Bit respect (ABR)-type traffic. In shut in Relay networks, congestion is handled by the FECN, BECN and DE bits. What causes congestion? The assumption that statistical multiplexing can be used to mitigate the link utilization is that the users do not reach their point in term rate values simultaneously, but since the traffic demands are random and cannot be predicted, congestion is unavoidable....If you want to get a comely essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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