An Inquiry to the Nature and Causes of the Influence of Adam Smith

some people, when asked what pops into their mind with the word economics, they mostly say capitalism. Indeed the issue deals a lot with capitalism. In fact, the three great names mentioned in Heilbroner and Thurow (1982, 17) tour metalworker, Karl Marx, and John Maynard Keynes beget capitalism as the base of their various ideologies and it is in how they view capitalism that within economics, several school of view sprouted, enabling the only development of the field.The influence that Smith, Marx, and Keynes are incalculable separately inducing their own set of followers that continue polishing up their works recollective after they are gone, each idea go on on as legacies, influencing political decisions all throughout the world. But for now, permit us content ourselves with examining the influence of Adam Smith, the father of economics himself.In the opening statement of Adam Smiths celebrated work, An interrogation into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (S mith, Skinner, 1986), he wroteHow selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his temper, which interest him in the fortunes of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it, shut the pleasure of seeing it (Smith, 1986).Back in Smiths day, this statement, along with the ideas contained in the Wealth of Nations, raised m whatsoever eyebrows. The book, a first-of-its-kind defense for the free-market and a direct attack to mercantilism, argues that the selfish motives of individuals does not necessarily lead to detriments in fact it could actually benefit the society.It is based from this belief that he further postulated that the free market, though looking like unrestrained and chaotic, will be eventually guided to the right direction by the Invisible strain, which in turn is guided by individual human motives that are most commonly selfishness and greed. It being termed as a free-market, Smith abhorred any ki nd of intervention coming from the government, believing that for the market to function efficiently, it should be left to work on its ownthus, the idea of laissez-faire (www.econlib.org). Smith also was a firm believer that it is labor, and not land that is all-important(a) in increasing production and thus highlights the importance (but also warns against the peril) of parting of labor.Just how influential Smiths ideas are can be readily seen in the field of Economics through the years and curiously in this day and age free markets have been made the last-ditch goal of many a government of straightaway specialization has never been more stressed as a major strategy in production capitalism is fast becoming the only model for economies today and mercantilism have long disappeared in favor of Smiths proposed free trade (although the degree of freedom in trade in some countries is a matter worth questioning).Selfishness and greed, although still contested by some groups, are st ill viewed in a much more positive light, and is justified in the field of economics so long as they serve the societys over-all benefit. Several followers have also polished on the economists basic ideas, extending them to jar against the different quirks that come up through time.Smith has been a fellowship name for any person with at least average companionship on economics in fact he is ranked thirtieth in Michael Harts list of the most influential persons in history (1992). Also his portrait appears on the twenty pound cite in UK. (Talk about influence that you cannot buy)Greed that fosters growth and course of instruction that promotes efficiency. Once taken aside but now are lived and take a breath and experienced worldwide. And as long as there are supporters who bent grass on to the basic tenets of the famous Adam Smith, the great economists legacy shall forever live on and endure.ReferencesHart, M. (1992). The 100 A be of the most influential persons in history. Ca rol PublishingGroup.Henderson, D. (2002). Biography of Adam Smith. Retrieved March 3, 2008, fromHeilbroner, RL., Thurow, LC. (1982). Three Great Economists. Economics explained.Prentice-Hall. p.17.Smith, A., Skinner, A (Ed). (1986). An inquiry to the nature and causes of the wealth of nations.Penguin Classics.

I. Brief Overview of different sculpture styles A. Egyptian Sculpture

Egyptian carving is distinct in their symbolic formalities based on an past set of rules for third-dimensional works of machination and were not meant to capture or memorialize a certain case or point in time. Egyptian grave is primarily use for religious purposes, just aboutly to guard over the dead. It is typically hew out from match and haomas preserve the cubic form of the original slab.The run acrosss atomic number 18 always by choice lining the front and such(prenominal) of the detail is hewn to represent characteristics of the anterior image, and is usually painted with vibrant colors.Later Greco- roman influence later alter the detail of the face up to more(prenominal) closely approximate a vivid representation of the human face. (Egypt) B. Hellenic Sculpture The most important samples of classical sculpture deal with religious themes, although civic, domestic and sepulchral themes be too common. When dealing with human subjects, realism tempered by idealism is the ramble of the day. Some were large, others small enough to taper on a pedestal. Subjects allow iconic estimates such as the classical gods and goddesses, priests, sacred animals and others of votive character.The most popular type of classic sculpture is the bas computer backup and in the assail. Greek sculpture was also used to honor civic events such as treaties and national games. These memorials are mythopoetic in character. In general Greek sculptures in marble, stone, terracotta, bronze or wood are distinct in its thanksgiving and beauty, its hint of action and value as a record of decorate and fashion of the era. Finishing included liberal applications of oil, wax and color for a more life-like sheen except for those made of marble, where color was added only for emphasis.(Greek sculpture part I) C. papistic Sculpture Sculpture as an art form developed late in Roman smart set because Romans considered all forms of art from a practical point of view and held it in contempt as work only slaves should do. Much of the work do in sculpture in the 2nd and 3rd Century B. C. was potential done by Etruscans. During the reign of Augustus (63 B. C. 14 A. D. ), Romans began drawing away from generally decorative and utilitarian subjects of sculpture to more mythological themes.The conquest of the Greeks shifted the corporal of choice from bronze to marble, and a shift from in the round to ease sculptures. Masses of Greek works of art were transported to Roman strongholds and excited much admiration but no desire to produce their own. Wealthy Romans outfit copies of the more famous works for display in their homes. With Augustus, thither was a dawning approximation to the Greek attitude towards art which did not get sack his demise, but which did produce some of the more beautiful pieces of Roman sculpture such as the Altar of Peace (erected c. 12 B. C. ).(Greek and Roman Art) Only the development of relief on sarcophagi conti nued and outperformed Greek in this instance, and is evident in the many extant samples such as the arch at Beneventum. The distinct Roman robustness and flavor is more evident in larger pieces of work rather than individual pieces. (Roman sculpture) II. Descriptions of the selected works of art A. The Indian Triumph of Dionysus (Late 2nd Century, Marble) This relief was used as one side of a Roman sarcophagus representing the lordly return of Dionysus, the Greek god of wine after his sojourn in India and the East.Known as Bacchus in Roman mythology, he is portrayed here in a reclining fashion amidst what appears to be a procession or feast celebrating his return. He is as usual portrayed with grapes about his head, signifying wine. He is contact by men, women, children as well(p) as a herald and he is apparently being carried by soldiers. Satyrs are also present, as well as panthers, which are often associated with this mythological figure. There is at to the lowest degree one elephant and a horse. The whole relief is a study in movement, even dancing.Not one of the figure is in repose, and there is much going on. Each figure contributes to the richness of the representation, from the fruits in the basket, to the devil children astride the elephant. entirely elements are on the move, even the draperies of the women. This is a classic example of the expertness developed by Roman sculptors for this particular form of art, and illustrative of the Greek influence, from the subject of the relief to the style of the dress. B. Portrait Figure of a prescript (Roman c. A. D. 200225, Bronze)This bronze figure is a rare example of the limit before marble became the material of choice for sculpture in-the-round. It is speculated that this was in emulation of Augustus, who in turn followed the example of Alexander the Great who declared himself a god. Probably once contained in the temple of an Asia Minor emperor, this is missing the head, the regenerate leg mi dway to the calf and the left foot. It is a muscular to that extent graceful figure, striking a pose of some authority and arrogance, as if declaiming to his adoring public or announcing some important news.It is also unbelievably detailed, somewhat embarrassingly so in this instance as the figure is quite large and the details stand out somewhat. The head was believably cast separately from the body as the break looks clean, as if from a joint. It is a magnificent specimen of manhood, and the face was credibly as beautiful. It would probably benefit from some cleaning. C. Monumental Statue of the Pharaoh Ramesses II Enthroned (Egypt, New Kingdom, 1386-1349 BC and 1279-1212 BC, Grandiorite) This deposit to Ramses II (c. 1290-1224 BCE), who is said to have ruled over Egypt for almost 67 years, are found in Nubia, near the Sudan.There are figures of Ramses II with the prime gods of the New Kingdom, including Ptah, the Memphis creater god, Re-Harakhte, the sun god of Heliopolis and Amun Re, the great god of Thebes. in concert they guard the entrance to the temple dedicated to these figures. The Great Temple of Ramses II is on the left while the Temple of Hathor/Nefertari is on the right. They were cut into lifelike rock, and at 20 meters high are considered colossi. (Sullivan) There are quad figures in all, although the figure on the right of Ramses II is missing a torso. The rock is pinkish in tinge.The figures are sitting on thrones facing front, all the hands on their laps. The figures are rigid although the expression on the Ramsess face is placid, with even a hint of a smile. The features are well-formed, incredible considering how it has been exposed to wind and sand for all these years. Inscriptions are forge in the arms. At their feet between the legs are smaller figures standing upright, mayhap representing servants or priests. In between each colossi are women figures are dressed(p) finely, and are perhaps royalty. There is much vandalism, names and dates scratched into the stone as far back as 1875.The podium is inscribed with hieroglyphics and the rightmost figure had lost the beard. There appears to be figures of baboons over the entrance of the temple. III. Comparison of the three sculptures The Roman works of art are good representative examples of the ii kinds of sculptures popular during that period relief in marble and sculpture in the round in bronze. The colossi Ramses II is a typical example of the three-dimensional Egyptian style. There appears to be nothing less similar than the two art types. The composition for one thing is completely different.In Roman sculptures, the lines are never linear. The single subject appears about to move or speak, so dynamic is the pose. In the relief, there is visible interaction among the elements of the sculpture, and each figure tells a different story. It memorializes a moment and an occasion. The figures themselves are idealistically and naturally constructed, celebrating the Roman idea of beauty of form and structure. In the Egyptian sculpture, the figures are steady and formally posed. No movement is implied, and the pose is strictly linear and frontal, as traditional for Egyptian sculpture.The figures themselves are stylized, showing no definition of muscles or other details but with some emphasis on the face and the ornaments such as the headdress and the clothes, which are as stiff and immovable as the body. It memorializes the figures as immovable and permanent, hence the size of the statues and the fact that it was hewn right out of solid rock. The use of hieroglyphics is also prolific, taking the place of visual representation in telling the story of the figures. Yet there are similarities, mostly in the theme, which is divinity.Ramses is portrayed as side by side the most important gods of the New Kingdom, while the single sculpture deified the emperor and the relief treated the subject of a god celebrated, Dionysus. IV. demonstration Whi le this paper does not include a specimen of Greek sculpture, it has been discussed earlier that the Romans closely followed the Greek style of sculpture, mostly by apply imported sculptures as a basis for copies for their own sculptures. A cursory glance at extant Greek sculpture in the round will immediately reveal how closely the Roman versions mimic the Greek style, from material to posture to subject.Ancient sculptures are representative of the society in which they were produced. They are lasting monuments to the great civilizations which spawned them, and while each is stylistically different, they provide worth(predicate) insights into how the ancient Romans and Egyptians lived and how they chose to be remembered. Works Cited Egypt . Ancient Arts. n. d. Detroit Institute of Arts. 24 July 2007 <http//www. dia. org/collections/ancient/egypt/egypt. html>. Egyptian Sculpture Part 1. Old And Sold. n. d. 24 July 2007 <http//www. oldandsold. com/articles08/sculpture-1. shtml>.Greek and Roman Art. Amazon. com. 2007. 24 July 2007 <http//greek438. tripod. com/greekromanart. htm> Greek Sculpture Part 1. Old And Sold. n. d. 24 July 2007 <http//www. oldandsold. com/articles08/sculpture-8. shtml>. Roman Sculpture. Old And Sold. n. d. 24 July 2007 <http//www. oldandsold. com/articles08/sculpture-13. shtml>. Museum of Fine Arts Houston. 2007. 24 July 2007 <http//www. mfah. org/main. asp? target=home>. Sullivan, Anne. The Great Temple of Ramses II. Bluffton University. 2001. 24 July 2007 <http//www. bluffton. edu/sullivanm/egypt/abusimbel/ramses/ramses. html>.

Ways to Generate Awareness Among the People

Oil preservation two weeks (OCF) 4th 19thJanuary Petroleum or crude inunct color is a non renewable readiness source that means it is present in the particular(a) amount. If the use of anele will continue with the c atomic number 18less nature it is sledding to exhaust definitely at one day. Hence preservation of this of import resource is the pick appear of the hour. therefore in order to generate sentience among the masses about the urgency of conserving rock oil products, the celebration of an Oil Conservation Week (OCW), with the participation of the Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) and the blameless oil industry low the guidance of the Ministry of Petroleum & inborn Gas (MPNG), began in January, 1991. Considering the overwhelming response and enthusiasm generated by OCW in the country, and to further increase the reach as well as the lastingness of the oil saving campaign, the duration of the program was increased to a two weeks from the year 1997 onwards.During this fortnight, the en pall oil industry undertakes unlike kinds of activities to emphasize the desire and importance of the conservation of petroleum products and environment protection. This is carried out through strike and electronic media, training programs, kisan or farmer melas, technical meets and distri howeverion of literary productions in national as well as vernacular languages completely over the country.The activities are carried out by the farming Level Coordinators (SLCs) of the oil industry in each State under the direction of the regional Level Coordinators (RLCs). Awards are given to Large, Medium & Small industries, State & Regional Level Coordinators, State Transport Undertakings, Energy Auditors, upriver & Refining oil. Companies for outstanding performance in oil conservation activities. The State/ National level Essay Competition Awards for students & teachers are similarly given. Oil & Gas ConservationOil and be adrift conservation means their better and more(prenominal) competent use with move to economic, social or environmental costs and benefits, resulting in attainment of high energy use efficiencies, minimization of wasteful practices and wastage and protection of the environment. Petroleum is the patriarchal energy source in India and a preferred swing burn down. Its ingestion has been increasing at a very steep rate from 3. 5 MMT in 1950-51 to 84. 3 MMT in 1997-98 and reached 130 MMT in 2001-02 and 175 MMT in 2006-07.The current estimate of indwelling particle accelerator reserves is about century million metric tons in the world. At current usage levels, this supply will last an estimated 100 years. In India, the power and fertilizer sector are major users of natural gas. In India, production of rude(a) gas increased from 17998 Million boxlike Metres in 1990-91 to 32274 Million Cubic Metres in 2007-08. Accordingly Strategy of Promoting Oil Conservation Government h as initiated various steps to promote conservation of petroleum products in the extend, industrial, agricultural and domestic process sectors.These include adoption of measures and practices which are conducive to increase fuel faculty and training programme in the transport sector modernization of boilers, furnaces and other(a) oil operated equipments with efficient ones and promotion of fuel efficient practices and equipment in the industrial sector standardization of fuel efficient irrigator pump-sets and rectification of existing pump-sets to wanton them more energy efficient in the agricultural sector and breeding as well as promotion of the use of fuel efficient equipment and appliances like kerosene and LPG stoves in the household sector.These activities are promoted and coordinated by the Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) and Oil Marketing Companies under the guidance and supervision of Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. The following proper(pos tnominal) activities are taken up from time to time. * Multi Media Mass Awareness carry Effective and result-oriented conservation methods adopted by the upstream undertakings in the oil sector like reduction of gas flaring by re-injection of gas to underground reservoir, installation of waste heat recovery systems, utilization of non-conventional energy sources and close monitoring of all conservation efforts by ONGC. * Energy audits, competency upgradation of equipment and appliances substitution of diesel with Natural Gas, deployment of solar-powered illumination panel, battery operated vehicles, Bio-gas etc. * force Natural Gas (CNG) is apply as a fuel in transport sector in m whatever countries.Its advantage is being in force(p) and clean burning fuel, besides being environment friendly fuel. * portmanteau word ethanol (5%) / methanol (3%) with Petrol for using in vehicles without any alteration of engine. All these steps are certainly playing a major role in conserving Oil and Gas resources which are available to us in a limited amount. Let us be a part of this national activity by using natural resources wisely What Organization Can Do? Whenever you bear energy, you not only save money, you also reduce the demand for such fossil fuels as coal, oil, and natural gas.Less burning of fossil fuels also means lower emissions of degree centigrade dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX), Carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter, Lead (Pb) etc. displace emissions of CO2which is a green house gas contri scarcees to reduce the restore of global warming. Similarly, lower emission of particulate matter and other pollutant help to reduce their harmful impact on the environment. For generating awareness * A give lessons Childrens Rally for awareness * Organizing Film Festival, Seminars, exhibitions emphasizing value of natural resources unavoidableness for their conservation. Organizing State/ National level Essay, Painting, Speech Competition about oil conservation especially emphasizing that children could be a beacon of nimbleness to guide the elders in the family and society on how to exert oil. * Introducing Publicity cutting edge which will go all over the city spreading the centre of oil conservation. * Organizing Street plays- with the objective to project the routine oil conservation messages in a different way. * Use of Solar Street lights. * In the rural sector, use of gobar gas plants, would be excellent fuel conservation technique.This awareness campaign should not end at the end of the fortnight, but should continue in the hearts of all of us. What we Can Do in our day today life for Oil Conservation * While prep use wide bottom vessels with covers. * Allow food articles taken out of the refrigerators to attain room temperature beforehand readiness them. * Soak cereals and dals for sometime before cooking them to reduce the cooking time as well as the fuel consumption. * Use just suffici ent water for cooking. * Pressure cookers used with separators lead to substantial fuel saving. * Try to eat together to ward off repeated warming of food.This not only saves fuel but also preserves the nutritional value of food. * Light the flame only after(prenominal) all preparations have been made and the vessel is ready to be say on the stove. * Use hot water from solar water heaters for cooking if the facility is available. * Try to use a solar cookers, solar lanterns. * The graduation rule of fuel conservation would be to travel judiciously and inhibit wasteful driving. * Wherever possible/ available and convenient, use public transport instead of using personal transport. * Matching the size of the vehicle to your need would also go a long way in conserving fuel.For subject if you have the option of a personal car and a scooter, wherefore use the scooter when only two persons have to travel, and the car if more persons have to travel or heavy luggage needs to be trans ported. * Emphasis should be given on reducing the use of petroleum products in our day to day life and act accordingly. This can be achieved by adopting car-pooling like practices. Car pooling will not only conserve fuel but will also improve social relations with your colleagues. * Use of solar lanterns in rural areas instead of kerosene establish lamps. As far as possible, avoid idling the vehicle between red and green signal, be it a car, scooter or any other mechanized transport. * Try to buy fuel efficient vehicles. * There is no substitute for timely attention, servicing and tuning of the vehicle in fuel conservation and emission control. This should include checking of injectors and spark plugs, correct tire pressure, re-greasing, topping up or renewal of lubricants for engine and gear boxes. * right driving habits are important for fuel conservation. Try to avoid abrupt Speeding, braking stopping, clutch riding, idling, over- speeding, and over-loading.All these small de eds will lead to fuel conservation and pollution control, which is our moral duty as citizens of India. It is the time we steep these measures to become a part of our daily routines. Only by practicing and lecture these conservation tips we can think of future progress. Given the difficult propagation ahead, it becomes our responsibility to spread this awareness, particularly amongst the youth who will be citizens of tomorrow. unassailable habits taught early will salvage the oil shortage to a owing(p) extent. This awareness campaign should not end at the end of the fortnight, but should continue in the hearts of all of us.

Lord of the Flies Lit Analysis Essay

Do novels have a deeper meaning to them than what the author writes? Golding reflects the devil sides of valet nature in Lord of the Flies by using mental imagination. Imagery is conveyed to split the hidden meanings of human nature finished the use of specific references through the themes of send off and dark imagery. Golding conveys dark imagery throughout the novel by qualification references to evil. From the beginning of the novel the author introduces to the reader that something sinister is impending. He uses specific language to show the reader that the boys are like access animals, Within the diamond haze of the beach something dark was fumbling along (LOF 20). The choir in a way figureizes a militaristic collection being exposit as a party of boys, marching round in step in two parallel lines and urbane in strangely eccentric clothing(LOF 20).It is evident that the choir is evil because the criminal record is written in the World War II period and it is ap parent that the choir symbolizes the Nazi Party which many people would be adequate to(p) relate them too animals or savages. Imagery is often developed when characters in the novel are savage like. Dark imagery reveals the character squat to be evil when, He passed like a shadow downstairs the darkness of the tree and crouched, looking down at the trodden at his feet (LOF 53). motherfucker is being compared to an animal trying to hunt down his prey succession crouching down. Again we can compare him to Hitler who was the leader of the Nazi party as tinkers damn is the leader of the evil boys on the island.The darkness on the island hand outs to any boy like it is within every adept. Darkness poured out, submerging the ways among the trees till they were dim and strange as the bottom of the sea (LOF 62). forrader the boys got on the island it was a peaceful island, by acting like savages they spread darkness on the island, which is the evil in each and every one of them. T he darkness was submerging or killing any goodness on the island. This is a relevant comparison to the war as well as it killed hope in good people specifically the Jews who were persecuted by other group of people who thought they were better. As darkness oertook the island it also over took Europe during the dark times of World War II. Thus, dark imagery is utilise to show men can be evil human beings.Golding uses light imagery over the course of the novel to symbolize civilisation over savagery. Light imagery is often shown when something good or vivid is going to occur. The boys make a signal fire in hopes that they go forth be rescued, The flame nearly invisible at fist in that dazzling sunlight, enveloped a small twig, grew, was enriched with color and reached up to a offshoot which exploded with a sharp crack(LOF 45). The fire is a symbol of civilization and hope that they will get rescued which is shown through the imagery used in the quote. The comparison can be made to the train people during WW11. They behaved in a way that was good and moral. The English boys on the island are trying to maintain civility by doing things like making a fire. Light imagery is illustrated by portraying Simon with goodness. When he is cited Golding uses a lot of light imagery, The water rose further and dressed Simons coarse hair with brightness (LOF 169).When Golding uses words like bright when describing characters it is often because the character is good and educate, he is often compared to Jesus Christ. file name extension to the saviour is associated with hope. Hope is also something that the victims of the Nazi party had to have in order to survive. At the beginning of the novel Golding uses colors and light to recognise the character of Ralph as, All the shadows on Ralphs face revered common above, bright below from the lagoon. A blur of sunlight was crawling crossways his hair (LOF 16). Golding uses these colors to describe Ralph because he was on e of the more civilized boys on the island. The comparison here can be made to describe Ralph as being good and bright and full of light and Jack as the opposite is dark and evil. To end, it is evident that light imagery symbolizes civilization.The two sides of human nature are evident with the use of dark and light imagery. Imagery is used as a compelling literary proficiency illustrating how light and dark translates into good and evil. The use of foreshadowing is an indicator of things to come, which was used as an effective tool when referring to light and dark imagery.

Why and Why not

James sequester or Agent 007 famed for his cunning stratagems, brilliant stunts, and sex hail still remains as one(a) of the biggest stars even after 22 movie portrayals, with five actors playing the lead role. The character was brought to life by the famous journalist, Ian Fleming, an intuition police military officer for the MI6, a British Secret intuition Service. Part of his stage business was to mingle with various people of opposite washabless and of disparate spoken communications (Last n. p). This is not a role played by Agent 007 fair rather, this is a role played by many other scholarship officers working for agencies across the globe.Intelligence officers atomic number 18 people with highest levels of personal integrity and professionalism. Resilience, self-motivation, and the mark to achieve results are alike part of their credo. They stupefy excellent interpersonal and liaison skills. They are confident and able to interact with people from different races (Intelligence Officers n. p). Thus, the question as to how get wordment a contradictory language whitethorn serve to the pull in or detrimental of untrieds show officers is at hand. thither are a number of reasons which point that discipline a strange language may be returnsous for scholarship officers.Although it is considered a public misconception that intelligence officers are needful to learn or know a foreign language, it may be considered armed serviceful if it were true (Intelligence Officers n. p). As their jobs choose intermingling with people of various races, which generally also speak in a different language, nurture the language of the country or the person they are to interact with may make render communication smoother and a lot easier. There will also be less room for misunderstand or a possibility for miscommunication. This may ease the investigation bring and may make the job some lying-inless (Putatunda n. ).A second advantage in acqu isition a foreign language is that one butt end easily get the trust of a person from another race through their knownity of language. In the case of intelligence officers, whose jobs feign having the ability to efficaciously interact with people of diverse cultures, a second language may be a great implement to gain peoples faith, especially if it is understood by the population that the officer will be working with. With the knowledge of their language, intelligence officers become much than trustworthy in the eyes of the people who are under involved in authentic cases or scenarios (De bleu n. ). In addition, recent studies show that people who get a foreign language have higher scores in verbal standardized tests conducted in their ancient language. There is also more willingness and ability to learn a third language, as well as an adjoin in their sense of identity while being clarified to other cultures. This points that learning a foreign language may help intelli gence officers learn another foreign language and culture easier. At the same time, it may also sharpen their skills in their own primary language.This may increase not only their intellectual capabilities but may also allow them to become more confident and capable, which is another benefit that is obtained from learning a foreign language (De Bleu n. p). Relative to an increase in the understanding of their own primary language, it has also been discovered that learning a foreign language helps in comprehending how language influences the shaping of image patterns. Through learning another language, intelligence officers may become familiar to other cultures ways of expressing their ideas, and concepts.This may call forth helpful as on that point is a probability that another cultures thought patterns are better than ones own (Putatunda n. p). Another advantage of learning a foreign language is that it may give a feeling of security to intelligence officers. Security may result to better self-perspective and confidence. Being the main tool for communication, an intelligence officer equipped with the language necessary for the job, may bring up an assurance of job well done that may help skeletal frame confidence and trust that anything is possible.This may make intermingling easier and smoother as at that place may be no room for nervousness and anxiety (De Bleu n. p). In accordance to the given bases, it may be said that learning a foreign language may have numerous advantages for intelligence officers. However, as other things that may be packd for a job, it also has drawbacks. One of them is that it may not be easy for adults to learn a new language (Cohen n. p). Learning a new language involve activities that may be considered as mentally exhausting. The activities include memorization of new vocabularies, grammatical form or syntax.It also requires rehearsal or utilise to sharpen the skills and to obtain the confidence to utilize what has been l earned (Cohen n. p). For children who are just in the process of honing their primary language, inserting a new knowledge, such as a foreign language may be an easy job with the right strategies and proper guidance. However, with adults who have used their primary language for almost all their lives, acquiring a new knowledge that involves mentally-exhausting activities may be difficult, even with the right strategies.As such, requiring intelligence officers who are already adults may prove to be a disadvantage as it may consume a lot of effort and time both on the part of the officer and agency that he or she may be working for (Cohen n. p). In relation to the age, it has been found that learning a foreign language stand sometimes become difficult, frustrating, and boring even to children who are interested to learn. This is a problem faced by parents who push their kids into learning another language other that his or her primary language.It becomes a waste of money and effort be cause any form of disinterest in the subject results to non-absorption of the things being taught (Andrews n. p) In the case of adults being pushed by employers to study, it may be considered a bigger problem as adults have more tendencies to get bored on things that should have been done when they were younger. As such, it may become disadvantageous for agencies to have their intelligence officers learn a foreign language (Andrews n. p).Another disadvantage of requiring intelligence officers to learn a foreign language is that it may become genuinely expensive especially if it will be shouldered by the officers themselves. Since learning a new language may take time for adults, this also means it will eat up more sessions or classes and more classes means more payment. As long as the student is having a hard time absorbing the language being thought, the classes will come on leading to a need for more money to sustain the learning process (Cohen n. p).Even if learning a foreign l anguage may be done on ones own to prevent a great loss of money, there are still studies that show that attempt to learn it on your own leave little room for melioration since there is no one available to answer queries that may issue in mind during the process. Also, it may consume more time as there is a possibility of losing self-discipline and motivation (Andrews n. p). Given the higher up information, it may then be concluded that requiring intelligence officers to learn a foreign language has both advantages and disadvantages that may be taken into consideration by agencies.One of its advantages is that it may make the jobs of intelligence officers easier as it enhances communication skills, interpersonal relations, and sensitivity to other cultures. It also increases intellectual capacity, and confidence resulting to better and trusty agents. However, there are also existing disadvantages that may make agencies call in before requiring their officers to learn another language. There is the factor concerning the capacity of the officers to acquire new information with regard to the foreign language they are required to learn.Given that not all intelligence officers are fast learners, requiring an adult officer to learn a foreign language may involve uptake of great amounts of money, either from the agency or from the officers themselves. It may also require more time and effort that both parties may not be able to provide. As such, these should be taken into account and carefully contemplated before completely requiring intelligence officers to learn a foreign language.

Ernest Hemingway, a Legacy for American Literature Essay

Some say that Hemingways personal demeanor should alter him from the writings fuckingon. They state that his torrent affairs, his alcoholism, and his mental state should preclude him from portal into the canon. These are the very things that help to make Hemingway a unique writer. Although his literary literary genre is fiction, he relies on his real life experiences with the community and places that he visited. The very definition of the literary canon disputes these critics. The authors that represent the literary canon are those that are widely assigned in high school and college classrooms and begin had a great influence on new(prenominal)(a) authors.Literary critics and historians oft and fully discuss them. The works by these authors are roughly promising to be included in anthologies and studied as World Masterpieces, major English Authors, or Great American Writers. (Goodvin) Hemingways influences on other writers and his worldwide acclaim, along with his distinctive port have earned him a spot in the American Literature canon. Ernest Hemingway was once one of the well-nigh prominent people on the earth. Numerous countries respect Hemingway and his writing style. His fictive writing details the lives and lifes lessons of people much(prenominal) as bullfighters, anglers, and soldiers.His portrayal of these men of cour be on who were seemingly indifferent to joy, grief, pleasure, and pain win him acclaim from critics all over the world. His legendary writing style, influenced by Ezra surpass and Gertrude Stein, (American Authors) is direct, to the point, and spoken in an even tone. This style is suited to his main government issue matter. His straightforward no frills writing style became so swell cognise that numerous others frequently copied it. Some literary critics consider Hemingway, as the tiro of The Lost Generation, a subcategory, of the American Modernist Period in literature. (Goodvin) Hemingways literary legacy is his off hand, direct story telling prose, which has been a adjuvant model for numerous novelist of the twentieth century. The impact of Hemingways style on American Literature is massive. It still has influence nowadays. (American Authors) His style influenced so many authors that his style is in a great deal of fiction today pen by other authors who copied it. Some of the authors of today are influenced every directly by Hemingway or indirectly through other writers who emulated his style. mob Nagel, Professor of American Literature at the University of Georgia, tell it beat out, No other writer has equaled Hemingway in portraying a cultural image that connect the time-honored masculine virtues of power, honesty, and fortitude. His writings reveal an unwavering commitment to literature and to the integrity of his craft. He captures the essence of the human experience in a writing style that is uncomplicated, direct, modest, and pleasingly stylish. Hemingway learned to write in controlled and inform prose as a cub reporter for the Kansas City Star. This style has served him well and he used it in the best of his works.Hemingways simple style, rattlepated of elaborate extremes and metaphoric add-ons has influenced many of todays reporters in intimately all multi media such as newspapers, magazines and even television news. The re beautifulment of Hemingways writing style draws from the precision with which he illustrates the character, personality, and temperament of individual experience. In his own time, Hemingway affected writers within his modernist literary circle. According to Kenneth Lynn, James Joyce called A Clean, Well Lighted Place, one of the best stories ever written.Hemingways style portrayed the true statement of the situation. He influenced writers such as Jack Kerouac, The Subterraneans (1958) (American Authors), and other Beat Generation writers. J. D. Salinger, writer of The Catcher in the Rye (1951), is said to have wanted t o be a great American inadequate story writer in the same stratum as Hemingway. (Qtd Lynn 416) Hemingways abrupt prose style is known to have inspired Bret Easton Ellis, Less than nothing (1985), Chuck Palahniuk, Fight Club (1996), Douglas Coupland, Generation X Tales for an Accelerated civilisation (1991) and many other Generation X writers. (Burgess) Even when Hemingway was in his former(a) stages of writing, when he was just developing into the writer he would become, noted novelist such as Stein, Ford, Ezra Pound, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and James Joyce proclaimed him the next great American novelist. (Burgess) Hemingways influence goes beyond the more recognized fiction authors. His tightly written prose is in quite a bit of Western and Crime genre novels by Elmore Leonard. (American Authors) Leonard once said, I learned by imitating Hemingway? Although, I didnt take myself or anything as seriously as he did. (Qtd. Burgess) Hemingways impact on Latin American Literature can be seen in the works of Gabriel Garcia Marquez, who imitated Hemingways view of mans make out with the sea in many of his novels. Marquez not only emulates Hemingways view, he besides duplicates his writing style. (Burgess) Hemingways first three books, Three Stories and ex Poems (1923), In Our Time (short stories, 1924), and The Torrents of Spring (a novel, 1926), had fascinated critics chiefly because of his literary style. Hemingways first novel, The Sun Also Rises (1926), won him worldwide fame.A patch less story concerning disheartened refugees in Paris who break out from their boredom with alcohol consumption, fighting, and sex this novel turned out to be the standard by which all other writers of the lost generation would be compared. Hemingway only improved his writing style with his next book, A valedictory to Arms (1929), based on his wartime experience in Italy. His coverage of the Spanish Civil War as a correspondent spawned another fine novel, For Whom the Bell Toll s (1940). Hemingways novella, The Old Man and the Sea, (1952) first print in Life magazine and was never meant to be a book.It is a inherent story somewhat an elderly Cuban fisherman the book won the Pulitzer Prize. According to Lynn, it was mentioned as one of the reasons he was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize for literature. (Burgess) Hemingway also published several other short stories, which glorify masculinity, courage, and the value of life itself. Although, approximately of these short stories are not as popular as his novels, they do play an integral role in understanding just how extensive Hemingways influence on American Literature has been.Although Hemingway has many works, his truth in writing always remains the same. His portrayal of life has also been significant, for he portrays a truthful world of selfishness and hostility, of conflict that naturally occurs in relationships and the cruelty of war, which has everlasting effects on the psyche of his major characters . His paper of the effects of violence and the consequences of greed has a profound effect in the lives of his characters. Jake Barnes is sexually dysfunctional in The Sun Also Rises, and he cries in the private over his infatuation for Brett Ashley.In A Farewell to Arms, Frederic atomic number 1 has seen the destruction of war, which pales in comparison to the loss of the one woman he heatd. In For Whom the Bell Tolls there is not only the loss to the people of Spain, there is a private defeat as well, as Robert Jordan is about to die just as he finds his one true love in Maria. In The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway depicts an aged Santiago scrutinizing for dignity in old age. He must win a long fight with a marlin to prove, one final time, that he can still be a functional member of society.It is as writer that Hemingway merits the consideration of the American Literature canon. He is defiantly one of the best prose stylists in American Literature. His astonishing short storie s portray the agonizing realities of his age and forces into public view a comprehension of the realities of war. The exploits of Nick Adams paint a picture of the agonies faced by the adolescents of his generation Hemingways four most popular novels trace the distressing confusion of life, for all time.Hemingway makes clear in The Old Man and the Sea that even in the distress of life there can be dignity in determination and preen in dedication when performing a task, which everyone says cannot be done. As a novelist, Hemingway was perfection. It is in the truthfulness, which he approaches his writing and the expertise above all, which will take on on. Works Cited American Authors. Ernest Hemingway. All Experts Encyclopedia. 1999. 21 Mar. 2007 http//en. allexperts. com/e/e/er/ernest_hemingway. htmhd9 Burgess, Anthony Ernest Hemingway and His World. 1st ed. 1978.Norwich Thames and Hudson. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 6th Ed. Ernest Hemingway. Columbia University Press. 2003. 20 Mar. 2007 www. cc. columbia. edu/cu/cup/ Goodvin, Renee. A Canon of Classic Novels. The Literary Explorer. The Blonde Librarian. 2005. 19 Mar. 2007. http//literaryexplorer. blondelibrarian. net/classicnovels. html Lynn, Kenneth. Hemingway United States Harvard. 2002 Nagel, James. Ernest Hemingway A Centennial Assessment. Hemingway a backward CNN. com. 1999. 23 Mar. 2007http//www. cnn. com/SPECIALS/books/1999/hemingway/stories/nagel/index. html

Managing People†Lenovo China Essay

SummaryThis assignment expresses and evaluates the Lenovo mainland mainland mainland mainland chinas human imaginativeness forethought from five gets. At stating, it introduces obviously the history of Lenovo china. prehistorical, describing and analysing approach of spate fill inment in Lenovo is the key pip through five elements of overall approach, schema of recognise performance, employees enlisting, methods to improve growing employees and the estimate of individualist performance. In particularly, the last three is talked mainly. However, the approximation system has a little problem. Next, it mentions the leadership of Lenovo china which is medley Chinese and westward drift. At send away of the assignment, it wees some personal idea and recommendations on the judgment system.1.0IntroductionThe report depart appraise human recourse steering and birth recommendations for Lenovo china. At beginning, it allow introduce the background of Lenovo China. T hen it will diagnose Lenovo Chinas approach of people management from five aspects. Especially, it will focus on selecting and give awaying employees as well as the appraisal. Then it will talk ab turn out Lenovo Chinas leadership and organisational farming. Finally, it will give personal opinions on Lenovo China and ease upgrade.2.0People management in Lenovo China2.1Introduction of Lenovo ChinaThe Lenovo China was established in 1984, turning the digit of Personnel Department into Human Resources Department in 1995 when they had been an increasing awargonness of the importance of persons (Ge, 2004). Nowadays, Lenovo China was a successful play along because Lenovo China had class-conscious NO.450 in the ranking of the fortune Global 500 (CNN, 2011).2.2Approach of People management in Lenovo China2.2.1Overall approachThe overall approach of Lenovo China is the mixture of classical approach and modern management theory with combination of X and Y theory (Mullins, 2010). In classical approach (Mullins, 2010), Lenovo China do non use absolute power and control over people. They return highly of human resource, because they know the importance of the talents (Ren, 2003). In addition, Lenovo Chinas leaders also communicate with employees and listen to their opinions in order to upbeat their trust, which could obtain to a greater extent ideas for development of the corporation. In spite of this, Lenovo China calm fork over a complete set of the corporation system to manage people (Pi, 2011).In Lenovo China, as employees argon doing any work, they must(prenominal) keep up with these three principles 1.insisting on working according to the sees if in that location argon rules. 2. working according to the rules in advance and coming up with recommendations timely, if the rules be not reasonable. 3. Applying and working according to the cultural value criteria of Lenovo China, if there argon no rules (Pi, 2011). Employees of Lenovo China are in a condition of coitus rigid control, still they will be turn ind properly freedom to conduct activities and harbour responsibilities. For instance, technicians in Lenovo China put one over rights to adjusting their work hours with freedom (Deng, 2002). Thus, Lenovo China could offer up opportunities to fulfil their ego needs.The overall approach is with Chinese and western characteristics of management and combine well these devil management poser. Lenovo China do not allow individualism like America, but they advocate collectivism. However, they are not like the gaga Chinese management modelcentralization. Thus, the new generations stool not and fulfil themselves but enjoy freedom at the same time. in that location are rules to control yet.2.2.2System of rewarding performanceLenovo China apply mainly the Alderfers ERG theory (Mullins, 2010) to motivate employees, because they have two approaches which are sensible merriment and psychological bliss (Pi, 2011).At beg inning, for old generations of Lenovo employee, they have higher psychological demands. In addition to prove that their take in knowledge brook transform into treasures, their purposes are concerns about development of China. These people do not ask for much in carnal cheer (Ren, 2003). On the contrary, there is a strong collective sense of respect in the midst of the old generations of Lenovo people. Hence, the motivation for them is development of collective savour and motivation of goals (Ren, 2003).Further, at present, the new generations of Lenovo people is primarily motivated by physical satisfaction, because a plenty of foreign corporations and joints ventures were entering into China after the nineties with offering high wage to entice diverse people, it threatened state-owned enterprises (Ren, 2003). However, nowadays, Lenovo Chinas physical satisfaction includes several sides salary, bounty, welfare and warrants. Bones have companys, coverion sectional and ind ividual (Ren, 2003). For ex angstrom unitle, the half of the excess complete part shall be handed over to the corporation, and their surgical incision will dispose the consist of part to reward or give welfare (Pi, 2011). Welfare is shape welfare, such as insurance and housing public fund and so on. However, Lenovo China take the high standard. For instant, government has set a rule that apiece(prenominal) person have to scavenge the 4 percentage to8 percent of salary for the housing public fund, then Lenovo China will save the 8 percent for employees (Ren, 2003).The advantage of method of motivation is that employee could be excite to devote oneself to fulfilment of overall objectives and personal expectations. In addition, the ways of stimulations of Lenovo China are very reasonable, because it is according to difference of various people to provide distinct stimulation, such as different nature, knowledge and features of jobs (Deng, 2003). Nevertheless, the more physical reward, the more expectations. Overmuch physical reward could not on the button cook improvement of employees, to the contrary, it perhaps leads the employee to be greedy and get private benefit without thinking of organisational goals.2.2.3Recruiting and selecting employeesThe process of selecting employees in Lenovo China is very strict. There are two aspects which are inside recruitment and right(prenominal) recruitment (Mullins, 2010).Inside recruitment involve choosing managers from within the organization, however, Lenovo China adhere to go along their abilities in same working conditions rather than proud achievements in the past (Deng, 2002), which is special.In addition, outside recruitment needs to hire new from outside by put up the information of campus recruitment at first base (Pi, 2011). Then, beside testing of quality and military rating of comprehensive capacity Lenovo China also have a face to face conversation (Deng, 2002). There are nine questions Lenovo wi ll ask 1.self introduction, 2. what do you do in your company and what does your company do, 3. your superiorities and tell why Lenovo need you, 4. your weaknesses,5.do you have some suggestions for Lenovo,6.do you have wallet, 7.do watch the news, 8.what do you think of the job you apply and how to do well, 9.contrast with Lenovo and other(a) brand, and the their advantages(Shi, 2008).Moreover, Lenovo China are willing to recruit the young who graduate from a higher institution, such as, Tsinghua University, Peking University and capital of Red China Science and Technology University and so on. In order to contest with competitors to seeking the persons with ability of professional technique and senior management, Lenovo China held recruiting activities in universities in advance, and conducting activities was earlier than foreign companies in each course. These activities included publicity of idea of Lenovo China and a skirmish amid students and outstanding employees with a n on-site consultation of employment. Further, Lenovo China sponsored a disputation of website designation for the national college students and set up a special present (Pi, 2011). Providing these opportunities helps Lenovo China to better promote their own and attract graduated students and graduands effectively.Moreover, nowadays, Lenovo chinaware focus on people who operate effectively on a global scale, regardless of their birth country(Hegar and Hodgetts, 2011 p. 536). Lenovo China had ap pictureed William Amelio who was an Ameri preempt executive from DELL in late 2005 (Schuman, 2010). However, in those years, Lenovo was missing out on the faster-growing segments of PC markets (Schuman, 2010 p.2). It demonstrated that foreign was not quit sharp about Chinese markets.2.2.4Methods to improve development of employeesLenovo China emphasize instruct and retaining employees via four methods, because all of these submitings and results are associated with promotion (Wang, 2006 ). At first, each employee must be working from bottom of the corporation, then, having promotion step by step, referable to organizational culture though this process being inherited and inattentive preferably(Ren, 2003). Secondly, they will choose those employees who are the most improved employees to instruction by experienced leaders doctrine young challengers who will be the substitute jobs (Ren, 2003). Thirdly, it is essential to training coordinated operational capacity through teaching how to build team ups (Ren, 2003). Finally, Lenovo China deem to be substance that is an assurance to attract talented persons, such as, plentiful ten present of stock of coordination, bonus and social welfare according to taking highest standards (Ren, 2003), especially, having vacation with salary and rewarding immediately (Deng, 2002).In addition, with regard to new employments, they all require to regard various oriented trainings. Then, they need to gradually accept trainings of organizational culture, generic wine skills and aspects of business and management (Deng, 2002). Whats more, though a series of trainings results, evaluation of specialists and 360 degree feedback analyse what aspects of the employees need to strengthen. Next, Lenovo China consider what aspects employees require to train according to their own development. Combination of two parts determines content of training of these employees and the whole year training plans. (Wang, 2006)On the other hand, the method of press release and post changing is an old way, but it is popular with employees. When an employee could not exactly exert his knowledge in his position, leaders will consider to giving his chance to check his ability by giving his specific objects. If he could deal with, it illustrates that the thoughts of leader has deviation. If he failed, the leader will have a personal talk when he admits his faults, the leader will continue to furnish an opportunity to him. If he could n ot success until the third opportunity, he will meet refresh the position he stays at present. Then, unconstipated if the leader give him a demotion with the same wage as out front (Deng, 2002), meanwhile, he will feel not uncomfortable.To conclude, it is a hommization management respecting for each member of the development, providing space of development and helping.2.2.5The appraisal of individual performanceLenovo China pay attention to performance and ability with very strict appraisal of individual performance (Wang, 2006). Human resource plane section and every department of managers implement and control the appraisal through two ways which are performance measures and capability assessment. Performance was measured by quantitative evaluation of quality and quantity and cost of accomplished work and other contributions for company. strength assessment involves work ability, work attitude and potential development (Wang, 2006). Moreover, there are four forms to apprise su periors to subordinates, staff in the same level, subordinates to superiors, and the department to the department. Meanwhile, Lenovo China use questionnaires for departments evaluate each others in each year (Wang, Zhao and Li, 2009).Furthermore, each leaders and employees should set objectives they want to achieve in each quarter and year and describe what the goals are and list specifically. In the end of each year and quarter, Human resource department and every department of managers have to exam whether the work is achieved and how the quality of work results is (Wang, 2006).In a word, salary decision, promotion and content of trainings are based on these results of the appraisal (Wang, Zhao and Li, 2009).The advantage of the appraisal of individual performance is realizing the importance of taking right by encouraging employees to put their own objectives into enterprise goals (Deng, 2002). In addition, it could deal the accomplishment of the work. Further, organization coul d monitor and measure the performance with fairness.However, the appraisal of Lenovo China has disadvantages that employees are evaluated by managers. Due to unsteady factors like personal factors and environmental factors, the result of appraisal will be influenced. Whats more, sometimes saturnine on(p) problems extremely affect results of evaluation in the process of the appraisal. Some performances are easy to measure like sales, but some are not.2.3Lenovo Chinas leadershipRecently, the news tell Liu ChuanZhi resigned Chairman of Lenovo China but be an honorary Chairman whats more, Yang YuanQing became the Chief executive officer and Chairman (Lenovo, 2011). Liu ChuanZhi, as one of pioneer of the Lenovo China, he creates lots of legends. Therefore, he has his own leadership style. He is more like a participative style of leadership. Liu ChuanZhi always let them raise their new idea, he just pep up them to bring up new thoughts without managing specific matters (Deng, 2002).M oreover, Yang YunQings management model is incomplete directive leadership, because he gives his advice at beginning, and then let employees give their views, and at last, he makes decision (Deng, 2002). Consequently, they have a common point which is allowing employees to participate in process of making decisions. They both wish employees imaginative power to get close to organizational goals (Deng, 2002). Hence, this way of encouragement is a capacious opportunity to fulfil ego needs. In addition, Liu ChuanZhi has distinctive personality and strong charisma which convinces employees, because he is a man of his words, which shows not only in high demands to him but his accomplished commitments for shareholders and employees (Deng, 2002).2.4Lenovo Chinas organizational cultureLiu ChuanZhi pays more attention on organizational culture, because it is a voice of Lenovo China and has significance of goals accomplishment (Ren, 2003) like task culture (Mullins, 2010). It is reflected in the statement We do what we say and own what we do (Lenovo, 2011). There are four major organizational cultures. Firstly, Lenovo China quite advocate spirit of cooperation, because Lenovo China believe that it is a requirement of maintaining a consistent team (Deng, 2002). Secondly, they emphasize spirit of struggle, because Liu ChuanZhi said that five percent of hope turned into one hundred percent of reality. For example, in 1991, Lenovo Hong Kong had loss of more than l million Hong Kong dollars in three months, Lenovo overcame. As a result, Liu ChuanZhi suffered Menieres from syndrome (Deng, 2002). Thirdly, great paper and credit is life of corporation.There are two types which are individuals and corporation. Individual reputation and credit means that working seriously and doing what they had said can win the trust of users, colleagues, subordinates and superior. The reputation and credit of corporation came from satisfaction of users. Lenovo China would rather lose money than lose credibility and reputation (Deng, 2002). For instance, in 2003, the rate of bad account is less than 0.005% (Ren, 2003). Fourthly, innovation and get wind are one of the cultural of corporation (Deng, 2002). Todays successes are result from Lenovo China innovating and studying continually. Further, there is a special organizational culture they have a CTIME for encouraging communicating like a friend. Meanwhile, CTIME means coffee time. Each afternoon at 1oclock, employees and leaders go to the third floor and can talk easily. Especially, leaders will pay employees for coffee every Tuesday which is for encouraging friendly communicating from each other (Pi, 2011).Therefore, the culture of Lenovo China is successful to let employees have cohesions through communication and teamwork. In addition, the efficiency of execution is high because of nice teamwork. Overall, it is a relative perfect culture.3.0Personal opinions on Lenovo ChinaIf there is an opportunity to work in L enovo China, YES is the answer.At starting, this is a big and well-know corporation. For ego needs, it is based on satisfaction of physical needs at first, like food, clothes and so on. In addition, leadership in Lenovo China is different from other old state-enterprises, because it can produce a sense of belonging through each occasion of employees. When employees contribute to Lenovo China, it is important to embody the meaning of individual existence. They are not complete power control but participative style. Thus, there are more spaces to allow employees to develop strengths though proper freedom. Moreover, the relationship of colleagues is fair competitions alternatively of vicious and harmful competitions, which makes employments safety. Due to Lenovo China advocating friendly communication between leaders and employees, this policy can get rid of estrangement between people and give enough respect for employees which is attractive. Hence, ego needs could be satisfied.Then, for individual development, Lenovo China offer relevant help. They choose training employees to convey new skills for free, because they have their own training base. Apart from the theoretical knowledge, there are leaders passing on knowledge of their experiences which is treasure and cannot settle from books directly.However, the appraisal of individual performance has a little problem which is evaluation with personal emotions. Perhaps, it is unavoidable, but it can be evaluated through various channels. For example, individual evaluation could do like department appraisal which is evaluated by doing questionnaires in other departments, managers and employees. In other words, the appraisal of individual performance can be evaluated by colleagues, managers and users.4.0ConclusionIn conclusion, it can be seen then that Lenovo Chinas people management is relatively successful. Success of Lenovo China is showed on three parts which are approach of people management, leadership and organizational culture. In particularly, in part of approach, it focuses on three aspects which are selecting employees and how to develop employees and the appraisal system. Especially, it indicates that the appraisal of individual performance has shortage. In addition, it mentions that organizational culture is the core of corporation. Finally, it gives opinions on human relation of Lenovo China and reasons.ReferenceCNN. 2011. yearbook ranking of the worlds largest corporations On-line. CNN Money. on hand(predicate) from http//money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/401_500.html Accessed 11 celestial latitude 2011.Deng, Z.H. 2002. The human resource management of legend. HohhotPublication of the people of Inter MongoliaGe, X. 2004. To discuss the Manpower Recourses Management of Legend Grow up. Journal of Liaoning Business vocational College, 63(2), 18-19. On-line. Wang Fang Data. Available from http//d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_lnswzyxyxb200402009.aspx A ccessed 11 December 2011.Hegar,K.W.and Hodgetts R.M. 2011. Modern human relations at Work. Google Books. Available from http//books.google.com.au/books?id=kleg0QYjidUC&pg=PA536&dq=Lenovo+China+human+resource&hl=zh-CN&ei=BL_lTuqtHMSaiAf9v8y2BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=2&ved=0CEMQuwUwAQv=onepage&q=Lenovo%20China%20human%20resource&f=false Accessed 12 December 2011Lenovo. 2011. Our Company On-line. Lenovo. http//www.lenovo.com/lenovo/ca/en/our_company.html Accessed 15 December 2011Mullins, L.J. 2010. 9nd ed. Management & organizational behavior. London Prentice planetary housePi. B.W. 2011. Liu ChuanZhi Diaries of Managing Lenovo. Beijing China Railway Publication.Shi,Y.Y. 2008. Analyses and Enlightenment of the model of human resourcemanagement. Industrial and science Tribune, 7(12), 250-251. On-line. Wang Fang Data. Available from http//d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_cyykjlt200812123.aspx Accessed 12 December 2011Ren, X. 2003. Liu ChuanZhi discussing experience of Lenovo China. Beijing Thread Binding Books publishing HouseWang, J.P. 2006. LenovoHow to turn students into elites. Computer Education, (9), 66-69. On-line. Wang Fang Data. Available from http//d.g.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_jsjjy200609021.aspx. Accessed 13 December 2011Zhang, Y.S., Zhao, M.X. and Li, J. 2009. Human Resources Management Cases Series. Beijing China favorable Sciences Press

HIV/AIDS patients in Zambia; Are they cared for? Essay

Executive summaryHuman Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune want Syndrome (human immunodeficiency virus/ support) pandemic has created terrible burden for millions of separates, families and communities worldwide. All sorts of exertions catch been tried to hold in this tormentor and yet no known cure or vaccines have been discovered to pr planet it. Religious prayers and even rituals have also seemed futile. However, the exactly option now is to only provide tender sustenance, love and even nurture for those that argon infected and consequently affect. This might prevent pull ahead mobilize and in turn minimise further impacts. This field of operation seeks to cleanse on the c atomic number 18 that should be rendered to human immunodeficiency virus/ help patient ofs and even st rankgize on how to improve the well-being of these ill-fated passel. This study is a combination of situational summary through a scientific study to understand various dynamics of direction o f human immunodeficiency virus/ support patients in Zambia accompanied by look of st prizegies based on findings of the study.BackgroundThe human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome prevalence rate in Zambia has even become one of the highest in the world. The prevalence rate in the general population is estimated to be 14.3 per cent with approximately 930, 000 concourse spiritedness with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS. Gener eachy, despite all the campaigns, the stigma associated with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS still exists. On one hand, patients who are infected and have all the symptoms claim to be neglected at the hospitals and are not effrontery the best services. It may not be out of order to call into question whether these health care providers are really taking care of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS patients. Several interventions have been staked so far but they do not seem to adequately address and even assess if HIV/AIDS patient s are fully attended to by health care providers.For example, though not very successful, the National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB intervention strategy plan 20022005 was developed with providing care to pack accompaniment and affected by HIV/AIDS as one of the strategies of bring down the spread of AIDS. This research endeavours to provide a fundamental overview of how best the caller at large can prevent further spread of HIV through care. This is deemed necessary for the implementation of an HIV/AIDS free management policies. If it comes out necessary to quarantine HIV patients, we lead not flitter to articulate that.RationaleThis study aims at creating space for all people living with HIV/AIDS in different settings especially in hospital surround, where most of them seek medical advice. This study shall improvise marrow framework for any change/s at the institutional and individual levels and across all sectors that in turn shall ease create an environment of understanding, empathy, love, trust, hope, human rights and dignity for those most in need, that is, HIV/AIDS patients. conundrumThe major enigma is the increased levels of stigmatization, discrimination and violation of human rights of HIV/AIDS patients in various settings. Minor problems include * Lack of break up strategies to deal with matters of HIV/AIDS * Lack of consistency in bringing of health care* Lack of friendly or accessible family between HIV/AIDS patients and care takersObjectivesIn addressing the problems stated above, the following specific research objectives have to be achieved i. To investigate the extent to which patients are cared for by health care providers and relations. ii. To investigate the nutritional well-being of HIV/AIDS patients. iii. To identify factors leading to stigma, discrimination and human rights violation of HIV/AIDS patients. iv. To frame recommendations/strategies for constitution makers and other influential meetings for improvements in social well-bein g of HIV/AIDS patients.MethodologyParticipantsOur sample size is cl and these consist of all HIV/AIDS patients in the selected hospitals within Lusaka. The consider of patients to approach per hospital pull up stakes be determined on the positive number of admitted patients at the time of data collection. Our tar permit population is all HIV/AIDS patients that have been admitted to the selected hospitals for at least one week. However, since it will be impossible to fall out all HIV/AIDS patients in all hospitals in the City of Lusaka, our study population will be patients admitted to University Teaching Hospital (UTH) and Levy Mwanawasa planetary Hospital. These patients are to be instal on weekdays/weekends during the stipulated visiting hours per hospital. Data AnalysisData will be entered in excel and analysed using SPSS version 16 and descriptive statistics will be computed using the same software. SPSS will be selected because it is user friendly. explore MethodOur rese arch manner is to perform a situational analysis study using a questionnaire capturing the HIV/AIDS patients nutritional status, social blood with care takers and how often they are visited by their relations. The questionnaire is as simple as possible to avoid frustrating the patients. Our sampling method will be convenience sampling where we would simply visit HIV/AIDS patients in hospitals under study. Convenience sampling will be apply because this method would not impose a huge cost. Due to confidentiality and ethical considerations, the therefore main clinicians during data collection, at the hospitals under study will help to distribute questionnaires to those HIV/AIDS patients willing to participate. Currently, at UTH, we have Dr Nyirenda and Dr Musonda who are willing to administer the questionnaires in clinic five of UTH and Dr Alfred at Levy Mwanawasa General Hospital. We will simply approach any HIV/AIDS patient and claim them to volunteer in our survey.We will cond uct an in-person survey by briefly introducing to them the purpose of our survey and explain why their liaison will be valuable to the public. We will ask them if they have 3 minutes to do our survey. By having declaren them a brief entrance before we interview them, we can have a better instinct of whether or not our survey is applicable to them. All non-HIV/AIDS patients in the stated hospitals will be ineligible to participate in the survey. In addition, a focus group will also be used to discuss the perceived prejudices that HIV/AIDS patients face.We will simply ask two HIV/AIDS patients, one example from UNZA HIV/AIDS response office and one representative from the Ministry of Health to volunteer to give us one hour on one evening to get their opinions about the current levels of stigmatization, discrimination and violation of human rights of people living with HIV/AIDS. A facilitator will be present to conduct the group discussion and ask several open-ended questions whil e another representative will record the respondents answers during the discussion. The advantage of this focus group study is that it is not costly, not time consuming and we can get in-depth information and opinions from people who are directly and frequently affected by the problem. Anticipated Resultsexpect OutcomesMounting evidence suggests that no known cure for HIV/AIDS has been unearthed so far. This simply entails that we can only reduce further spread of the pandemic by improving the lives of the people who are infected and affected by the pandemic. Consequently, this study will not only enlighten the policy makers on the real strategy of reducing the further spread of HIV/AIDS but also propose measures that may deal with the problem more effectively.It is further pass judgment that this study will generate a research report and a fact sheet on the dynamics and impact of stigmatization and discrimination on those infected and affected by HIV/AIDS in Zambia. In the final a nalysis, it is judge that governance through the Ministry of Health and indeed the donors will be better informed, and could scoop out some of the findings and recommendations in their policies. ImpactResults from this study are expected to flux into policies aimed at improving the well-being of HIV/AIDS patients in the country. From these, it is expected that the policies can be inferred to other countries facing HIV/AIDS.UtilisationIt is expected that findings from this study will be utilised by policy makers and implementers to heighten health care planning and ensure that the scarce national resources are allocated efficiently on projects that give the highest social and economic returns to HIV/AIDS patients.DisseminationFindings from this study will be disseminated through workshops that will be held so that all the stakeholders are informed about the viability of report findings as a remedial measure to the spread of HIV/AIDS in Zambia. Lastly, the study report will be av ailable on the UNZA website and at UNZA HIV/AIDS response office for all to read.

Perioperative nursing

Perioperative furbish ups take the office of safeguarding the rights of running(a) endurings before, during and later on his surgical operating room. The harbours finalitys during this check of the longanimouss organisationalization be ground on universal good rules. As the tolerant utilisations prop championnt or representative during this polar period, the bcapitulum watchs the graphic symbol and continuity of help that a surgical unhurried require.This is simply ground on the exposit that endurings during this period give the sacknot function whatevery and promptively classicipate, decide and observe the f be of caution that best suits them limitedly during and by and by sedation. Often, Perioperative take ins be take wangled with decisions necessary when condole with for surgical diligents. They ar whence unavoidably fain to pull in that currently honor fit quandarys on the whole(prenominal)ow take place and the curb in trinsic take enchant courses of playion by depositworthy treat decisions. not solitary(prenominal) argon they expected to make clinical and technical decisions b atomic number 18ly also ethic al one(a)y and goodisticly belong decisions able for the treatment of their uncomplaining.In a daily regard and exchange with the longanimous, take ins very much attain the electromotive force to bring out consanguinitys with their affected determinations based on trust. Patients trust that cling tos will re chief(prenominal) firm and follow through with all matchs or issues that baffle been discussed ((Seifert, 2002 306). At the uniform time concords bequeath a listening ear to their longanimous mend providing encouragement and fend.Likewise, encourages be hand overd with the opportunity to check into and realize development essential to the wellness concerns of their perseverings including fears and apprehensions. This houses an bulky opportunity for blows to ex exploit data that could be relayed to medicos and new(prenominal) family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment acceptable to the forbearing role. stem turn on the line of healthful apply of self, nurses are encouraged to take note a headmaster and therapeutic blood amid nurses and tolerant ofs and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996 186).The Nurses RoleWithin the framework of the treat process, nurses work in collaboration with the some other health aggroup members in order to acquire desirable forbearing outcomes (AORN, 200416). They are enjoined to use the tools of the treat process to picture the needs of the diligent chthonicgoing invasive procedures. Although much of the blueprint involves technicalities, the affected role is electrostatic the main counseling of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The design is still to provide pity and certify for the patient of and for their families (Spry, 20053).As the perioperative nurse, one is desirewise expected to swear out the patient and their families in making sound decisions to meet the over either want outcome of wellness after surgery and a healthy concede to familiar life. on the lines of perioperative nurse, circumspection is provided in various riding horses based on three major medical prognosiss of providing direct palm coordinating comprehensive concern and educating patient and their families (Spry3).The tint of illness curiously when invasive procedures are imputable usu totallyy limits the patients idiosyncratic autonomy and office to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful red puzzle out. Patients and family members often feel helpless in a health care mount how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is then conquerable at this decimal point so the role of the nurse as an embolden for the patient is emphasise as decisive to p atient care.It would intimately promising help the patient and his family t populate that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure check off a unceasing assessment of care for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing robust assurance that the patients needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral mover of the patient, moldinessiness and then be make and be able to act and counselor for the patients needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurses role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and immoderately support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a righteousness in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care master copys her main good responsibleness is the prevention of a authority injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1 980 2039).Nurses in customary and in item perioperative nurses essential act as an counseling for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, superior and good care oddly during the perioperative sort when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not fitted out(p) to go out the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an counselor-at-law for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the avocation of the nurse to provide patients with good care they ought to receive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses safetyIt is therefore another bouncy line of products of a perioperative nurse to ensure and reach an milieu that fosters honourable behaviour. As a traffic to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning hold out, maintaining competence, and promoting in the flesh(predicate) and professional set, supports the government activity and maintenance of an good workplace (Seifert, 2002306).Nurses must be able to establish, maintain, and amend the work environment and maintain an ability to extend their integrity and moral self respect. Other virtues and rectitude of character like committedness and honesty provided elevate nurses abilities to forgather moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral soul to be obligate in an ethical vogue (ANA, Sec.20). The environment loadedly influences in the acquisition of virtues and chastity that whitethorn support or impedeethical demeanor. Certain policies, procedures and position often help in influencing appearance that toilet affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become dissonant with a nurse job like mandatory overtime shag greatly become an tab to an employees ethical procedure.When nurses are clear under a strong shewation of ethical work out, measuring rods spate positively run for in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to delineate activities and interventions that help her achieve particular patient outcome scarce also link her actions t ethical behavior. most set sustainards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002 492). Nurses who are uncovered to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and billet them as a normal habituate essential to improve damage and serious practices at bottom her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. authorisation hazards, risks, and unsafe schools abound in the surgical sector where constant distractio ns, excessive noise, hasty reassessments of patient records, and frequent interruptions whoremonger produce situations where the likelihood of erroneous belief increases. It is always right to alert medical students and others indoors the health team of both unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that ordure have to an dynamical misconduct like sending the wrong patient for surgery patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened tone-beginning to this misapprehension is to replace shoot and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001117).Facing respectable DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or probable for injury, and this situation whitethorn arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma face up nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a radical of how they can be hard-hitting advocates for patients without compromising their working identity or fac ing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral confederation with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital.The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patients advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient advocates (Kohnke, 19802040). In instances much(prenominal) as explain consent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 20053). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all cases may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002309).The nurses role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patients autonomy or his right to cull freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patients decision. One of the fundamental duties of care for is to promote and defend patients rights ( Segesten and Fagring, 1996142). The act of suppressing an individuals rights serves as the gun chemical reaction of the nurse to act as the patients advocate which is her south role.If advocacy implies babbleing up for well-nighone, then it is her duty to announce up for the welfare and utility of the patient. Again, this could be an identifiable puzzle be generate not all nurses are prospering with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations the nurse may not have a direct of experience or confabulation skills that will facilitate advocacy they may not be charge as related to a regulatory care environment or they just may not have a level of apprehension about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause pair with disruptive physician behavior institutional responses to much(prenominal) behavior and the set up of such be havior on nurse bliss, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002 34).When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices gainsay the universe of discourse of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care team are more likely to support fulfilment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001118).ConclusionAs an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates surprise particularly when the nurse is set about with a dilemma that conflicts between her own(prenominal) values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring144). Nurses must therefore act in consonance with the practice standards and law of morality in coordination with her own values. harangue up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting as the patients advocate particularly during the perioperative phase.This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions harmonise to ethical principle and values. She should articulate up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to chip in oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has any problems with this, she can choose a field that may not agree her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy procreation for nurses starts within the confines of the treat education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her offbeat w hich is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 199518). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethical issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be happy to recognize the patients rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using good communication skills.Related essay Ati RN Community Health Online Practice 2016 BWorks CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative treat (3rd ed.) Aspen Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric treat 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). ethical motive in perioperative practice handicraft to self. AORN daybook 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with informative Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy An essential part of quality nursing care. world-wide Nursing reexamine 43, 142-144.Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication sectionalisation or ideal speech situation The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursing Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). captain research Nurse-physician relationships Impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. American Journal of Nursing 10, 26-34.Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040.Perioperative nursingPerioperative nurses take the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of surgical patients before, during and after his surgery. The nurses decisions during this period of the patients institutionalization are based on universal moral principles. As the patients advocate or representative during this crucial period, the nurse ensures the quality and continuity of care that a surgical patient needs.This is simply based on the premise that patients during this period cannot functionally and actively participate, decide and monitor the regimen of care that best suits them particularly during and after sedation. Often, Perioperative nurses are faced with decisions necessary when caring for surgical patients. They are therefore necessarily prepared to recognize that soon ethical dilemmas will occur and the nurse must take appropriate courses of action through responsible nursing decisions. Not only are they expected to make clinical and technical decisions but also ethically and morally sound decisions suitable for the treatment of their patient.In a daily encounter and exchange with the patient, nurses often have the potential to develop relationships with their patients based on trust. Patients trust that nurses will support and follow through with any concerns or issues that have been discussed ((Seifert, 2002 306). At the same time nurses provide a listening ear to their patient while providing encouragement and support. Likewise, nurses are provided with the opportunity to learn and gather information essential to the health concerns of their patients including fears and apprehensions. This provides an ample opportunity for nurses to exact information that could be relayed to physicians and other family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment acceptable to the patient. Base on the parameter of therapeutic use of self, nurses are encouraged to maintain a professional and therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996 186).The Nurses RoleWithin the framework of the nursing process, nurses work in collaboration with the other health team members in order to achieve desir able patient outcomes (AORN, 200416). They are enjoined to use the tools of the nursing process to meet the needs of the patient undergoing invasive procedures. Although much of the practice involves technicalities, the patient is still the main focus of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The goal is still to provide care and support for the patient and for their families (Spry, 20053). As the perioperative nurse, one is likewise expected to assist the patient and their families in making sound decisions to meet the overall desired outcome of wellness after surgery and a healthy return to normal life. Along the lines of perioperative nursing, care is provided in various settings based on three major aspects of providing direct care coordinating comprehensive care and educating patient and their families (Spry3).The impact of illness particularly when invasive procedures are due usually limits the patients individual autonomy and ability to make decisions , thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful position. Patients and family members often feel helpless in a health care setting how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is therefore vulnerable at this stage so the role of the nurse as an advocate for the patient is stressed as vital to patient care. It would most likely help the patient and his family t know that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure ensure a continuous assessment of care for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patients needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral agent of the patient, must therefore be ready and be able to act and advocate for the patients needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurses role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and likewise support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a responsibility in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care professionals her main ethical duty is the prevention of a potential injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1980 2039).Nurses in general and in particular perioperative nurses must act as an advocate for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, professional and ethical care particularly during the perioperative phase when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not equipped to understand the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an advocate for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the duty of the nurse to provide patients with ethical care they ought to rec eive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses safetyIt is therefore another vital job of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an environment that fosters ethical behavior. As a duty to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning experience, maintaining competence, and promoting personal and professional values, supports the establishment and maintenance of an ethical workplace (Seifert, 2002306). Nurses must be able to establish, maintain, and improve the work environment and maintain an ability to preserve their integrity and moral self respect.Other virtues and excellence of character like loyalty and honesty further promote nurses abilities to fulfill moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral person to behave in an ethical manner (ANA, Sec.20). The environment strongly influences in the acquisition of virtues and excellence that may support or impedeethical behavior. Certain policies, procedures and posi tion often help in influencing behavior that can affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become inconsistent with a nurse job like mandatory overtime can greatly become an impediment to an employees ethical performance.When nurses are exposed under a strong foundation of ethical practice, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to identify activities and interventions that help her achieve specific patient outcome but also link her actions t ethical behavior. Most set standards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and view them as a normal practice essential to improve unethical and unsafe practices within her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment wi ll likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. Potential hazards, risks, and unsafe conditions abound in the surgical arena where constant distractions, excessive noise, hasty reviews of patient records, and frequent interruptions can produce situations where the likelihood of error increases. It is always right to alert physicians and others within the health team of any unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that can lead to an active error like sending the wrong patient for surgery patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened approach to this error is to replace blame and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001117).Facing Ethical DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or potential for injury, and this situation may arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma facing nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a solution of how they can be effective advocate s for patients without compromising their working identity or facing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral alignment with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital. The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patients advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient advocates (Kohnke, 19802040). In instances such as clarifying consent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 20053). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all cases may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002309).The nurses role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patients autonomy or his right to choose freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patients decision. One of the fundamental duties of nurs ing is to promote and defend patients rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996142). The act of suppressing an individuals rights serves as the catalyst response of the nurse to act as the patients advocate which is her second role. If advocacy implies mouth up for someone, then it is her duty to speak up for the welfare and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an identifiable problem because not all nurses are comfortable with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations the nurse may not have a level of experience or communication skills that will facilitate advocacy they may not be empowered as related to a restrictive care environment or they just may not have a level of understanding about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause coupled with disruptive physician behavior institutional responses to such behavior and the effects o f such behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002 34). When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices challenge the creation of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care team are more likely to support fulfillment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001118).ConclusionAs an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates confusion particularly when the nurse is faced with a dilemma that conflicts between her personal values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring144). Nurses must therefore act in accordance with the practice standards and code of ethics in coordination with her own values. Speaking up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting as the patients advocate particularly during the perioperative phase. This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions according to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has any problems with this, she can choose a field that may not compromise her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy training for nurses starts within the confines of the nursing education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her well-being which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 199518). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethical issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be trained to recognize the patients rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using effective communication skills.Works CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative Nursing (3rd ed.) Aspen Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric Nursing 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). Ethics in perioperative practice Duty to self. AORN Journal 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advoc acy An essential part of quality nursing care. International Nursing Review 43, 142-144.Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication breakdown or ideal speech situation The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursing Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). Original research Nurse-physician relationships Impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. American Journal of Nursing 10, 26-34.Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040.Perioperative nursingPerioperative nurses take the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of surgical patients before, during and after his surgery. The nurses decisions during this period of the patients institutionalization are based on universal moral principles. As the patients adv ocate or representative during this crucial period, the nurse ensures the quality and continuity of care that a surgical patient needs.This is simply based on the premise that patients during this period cannot functionally and actively participate, decide and monitor the regimen of care that best suits them particularly during and after sedation. Often, Perioperative nurses are faced with decisions necessary when caring for surgical patients. They are therefore necessarily prepared to recognize that soon ethical dilemmas will occur and the nurse must take appropriate courses of action through responsible nursing decisions. Not only are they expected to make clinical and technical decisions but also ethically and morally sound decisions suitable for the treatment of their patient.In a daily encounter and exchange with the patient, nurses often have the potential to develop relationships with their patients based on trust. Patients trust that nurses will support and follow through wi th any concerns or issues that have been discussed ((Seifert, 2002 306). At the same time nurses provide a listening ear to their patient while providing encouragement and support. Likewise, nurses are provided with the opportunity to learn and gather information essential to the health concerns of their patients including fears and apprehensions. This provides an ample opportunity for nurses to exact information that could be relayed to physicians and other family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment acceptable to the patient. Base on the parameter of therapeutic use of self, nurses are encouraged to maintain a professional and therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996 186).The Nurses RoleWithin the framework of the nursing process, nurses work in collaboration with the other health team members in order to achieve desirable patient outcomes (AORN, 200416). They are enjoined to use the tools of the nursing process to meet the needs of the patient undergoing invasive procedures. Although much of the practice involves technicalities, the patient is still the main focus of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The goal is still to provide care and support for the patient and for their families (Spry, 20053). As the perioperative nurse, one is likewise expected to assist the patient and their families in making sound decisions to meet the overall desired outcome of wellness after surgery and a healthy return to normal life. Along the lines of perioperative nursing, care is provided in various settings based on three major aspects of providing direct care coordinating comprehensive care and educating patient and their families (Spry3).The impact of illness particularly when invasive procedures are due usually limits the patients individual autonomy and ability to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful position. Patients and family members ofte n feel helpless in a health care setting how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is therefore vulnerable at this stage so the role of the nurse as an advocate for the patient is stressed as vital to patient care. It would most likely help the patient and his family t know that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure ensure a continuous assessment of care for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patients needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral agent of the patient, must therefore be ready and be able to act and advocate for the patients needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurses role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and likewise support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a responsibility in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care professionals her main ethical duty is the prevention of a potential injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1980 2039).Nurses in general and in particular perioperative nurses must act as an advocate for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, professional and ethical care particularly during the perioperative phase when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not equipped to understand the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an advocate for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the duty of the nurse to provide patients with ethical care they ought to receive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses safetyIt is th erefore another vital job of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an environment that fosters ethical behavior. As a duty to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning experience, maintaining competence, and promoting personal and professional values, supports the establishment and maintenance of an ethical workplace (Seifert, 2002306). Nurses must be able to establish, maintain, and improve the work environment and maintain an ability to preserve their integrity and moral self respect.Other virtues and excellence of character like loyalty and honesty further promote nurses abilities to fulfill moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral person to behave in an ethical manner (ANA, Sec.20). The environment strongly influences in the acquisition of virtues and excellence that may support or impedeethical behavior. Certain policies, procedures and position often help in influencing behavior that can affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become inconsistent with a nurse job like mandatory overtime can greatly become an impediment to an employees ethical performance.When nurses are exposed under a strong foundation of ethical practice, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to identify activities and interventions that help her achieve specific patient outcome but also link her actions t ethical behavior. Most set standards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and view them as a normal practice essential to improve unethical and unsafe practices within her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. Potential hazards, risks, and unsafe conditi ons abound in the surgical arena where constant distractions, excessive noise, hasty reviews of patient records, and frequent interruptions can produce situations where the likelihood of error increases. It is always right to alert physicians and others within the health team of any unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that can lead to an active error like sending the wrong patient for surgery patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened approach to this error is to replace blame and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001117).Facing Ethical DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or potential for injury, and this situation may arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma facing nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a solution of how they can be effective advocates for patients without compromising their working identity or facing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral alignment with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital. The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patients advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient advocates (Kohnke, 19802040). In instances such as clarifying consent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 20053). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all cases may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002309).The nurses role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patients autonomy or his right to choose freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patients decision. One of the fundamental duties of nursing is to promote and defend patients rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996142). The act of suppressi ng an individuals rights serves as the catalyst response of the nurse to act as the patients advocate which is her second role. If advocacy implies speaking up for someone, then it is her duty to speak up for the welfare and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an identifiable problem because not all nurses are comfortable with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations the nurse may not have a level of experience or communication skills that will facilitate advocacy they may not be empowered as related to a restrictive care environment or they just may not have a level of understanding about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause coupled with disruptive physician behavior institutional responses to such behavior and the effects of such behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002 34). When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices challenge the creation of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care team are more likely to support fulfillment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001118).ConclusionAs an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates confusion particularly when the nurse is faced with a dilemma that conflicts between her personal values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring144). Nurses must therefore act in accordance with the practice standards and code of ethics in coordination with her own values. Speaking up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting a s the patients advocate particularly during the perioperative phase. This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions according to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has any problems with this, she can choose a field that may not compromise her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy training for nurses starts within the confines of the nursing education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her well-being which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 199518). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethic al issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be trained to recognize the patients rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using effective communication skills.Works CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative Nursing (3rd ed.) Aspen Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric Nursing 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). Ethics in perioperative practice Duty to self. AORN Journal 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy An essential part of quality nursing care. International Nursing Review 43, 142-144.Gaylord, N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication breakdown or ideal speech situation The problem of nurse advocacy. 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