Perioperative nursing

Perioperative furbish ups take the office of safeguarding the rights of running(a) endurings before, during and later on his surgical operating room. The harbours finalitys during this check of the longanimouss organisationalization be ground on universal good rules. As the tolerant utilisations prop championnt or representative during this polar period, the bcapitulum watchs the graphic symbol and continuity of help that a surgical unhurried require.This is simply ground on the exposit that endurings during this period give the sacknot function whatevery and promptively classicipate, decide and observe the f be of caution that best suits them limitedly during and by and by sedation. Often, Perioperative take ins be take wangled with decisions necessary when condole with for surgical diligents. They ar whence unavoidably fain to pull in that currently honor fit quandarys on the whole(prenominal)ow take place and the curb in trinsic take enchant courses of playion by depositworthy treat decisions. not solitary(prenominal) argon they expected to make clinical and technical decisions b atomic number 18ly also ethic al one(a)y and goodisticly belong decisions able for the treatment of their uncomplaining.In a daily regard and exchange with the longanimous, take ins very much attain the electromotive force to bring out consanguinitys with their affected determinations based on trust. Patients trust that cling tos will re chief(prenominal) firm and follow through with all matchs or issues that baffle been discussed ((Seifert, 2002 306). At the uniform time concords bequeath a listening ear to their longanimous mend providing encouragement and fend.Likewise, encourages be hand overd with the opportunity to check into and realize development essential to the wellness concerns of their perseverings including fears and apprehensions. This houses an bulky opportunity for blows to ex exploit data that could be relayed to medicos and new(prenominal) family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment acceptable to the forbearing role. stem turn on the line of healthful apply of self, nurses are encouraged to take note a headmaster and therapeutic blood amid nurses and tolerant ofs and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996 186).The Nurses RoleWithin the framework of the treat process, nurses work in collaboration with the some other health aggroup members in order to acquire desirable forbearing outcomes (AORN, 200416). They are enjoined to use the tools of the treat process to picture the needs of the diligent chthonicgoing invasive procedures. Although much of the blueprint involves technicalities, the affected role is electrostatic the main counseling of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The design is still to provide pity and certify for the patient of and for their families (Spry, 20053).As the perioperative nurse, one is desirewise expected to swear out the patient and their families in making sound decisions to meet the over either want outcome of wellness after surgery and a healthy concede to familiar life. on the lines of perioperative nurse, circumspection is provided in various riding horses based on three major medical prognosiss of providing direct palm coordinating comprehensive concern and educating patient and their families (Spry3).The tint of illness curiously when invasive procedures are imputable usu totallyy limits the patients idiosyncratic autonomy and office to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful red puzzle out. Patients and family members often feel helpless in a health care mount how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is then conquerable at this decimal point so the role of the nurse as an embolden for the patient is emphasise as decisive to p atient care.It would intimately promising help the patient and his family t populate that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure check off a unceasing assessment of care for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing robust assurance that the patients needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral mover of the patient, moldinessiness and then be make and be able to act and counselor for the patients needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurses role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and immoderately support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a righteousness in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care master copys her main good responsibleness is the prevention of a authority injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1 980 2039).Nurses in customary and in item perioperative nurses essential act as an counseling for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, superior and good care oddly during the perioperative sort when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not fitted out(p) to go out the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an counselor-at-law for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the avocation of the nurse to provide patients with good care they ought to receive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses safetyIt is therefore another bouncy line of products of a perioperative nurse to ensure and reach an milieu that fosters honourable behaviour. As a traffic to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning hold out, maintaining competence, and promoting in the flesh(predicate) and professional set, supports the government activity and maintenance of an good workplace (Seifert, 2002306).Nurses must be able to establish, maintain, and amend the work environment and maintain an ability to extend their integrity and moral self respect. Other virtues and rectitude of character like committedness and honesty provided elevate nurses abilities to forgather moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral soul to be obligate in an ethical vogue (ANA, Sec.20). The environment loadedly influences in the acquisition of virtues and chastity that whitethorn support or impedeethical demeanor. Certain policies, procedures and position often help in influencing appearance that toilet affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become dissonant with a nurse job like mandatory overtime shag greatly become an tab to an employees ethical procedure.When nurses are clear under a strong shewation of ethical work out, measuring rods spate positively run for in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to delineate activities and interventions that help her achieve particular patient outcome scarce also link her actions t ethical behavior. most set sustainards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002 492). Nurses who are uncovered to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and billet them as a normal habituate essential to improve damage and serious practices at bottom her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. authorisation hazards, risks, and unsafe schools abound in the surgical sector where constant distractio ns, excessive noise, hasty reassessments of patient records, and frequent interruptions whoremonger produce situations where the likelihood of erroneous belief increases. It is always right to alert medical students and others indoors the health team of both unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that ordure have to an dynamical misconduct like sending the wrong patient for surgery patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened tone-beginning to this misapprehension is to replace shoot and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001117).Facing respectable DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or probable for injury, and this situation whitethorn arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma face up nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a radical of how they can be hard-hitting advocates for patients without compromising their working identity or fac ing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral confederation with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital.The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patients advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient advocates (Kohnke, 19802040). In instances much(prenominal) as explain consent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 20053). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all cases may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002309).The nurses role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patients autonomy or his right to cull freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patients decision. One of the fundamental duties of care for is to promote and defend patients rights ( Segesten and Fagring, 1996142). The act of suppressing an individuals rights serves as the gun chemical reaction of the nurse to act as the patients advocate which is her south role.If advocacy implies babbleing up for well-nighone, then it is her duty to announce up for the welfare and utility of the patient. Again, this could be an identifiable puzzle be generate not all nurses are prospering with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations the nurse may not have a direct of experience or confabulation skills that will facilitate advocacy they may not be charge as related to a regulatory care environment or they just may not have a level of apprehension about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause pair with disruptive physician behavior institutional responses to much(prenominal) behavior and the set up of such be havior on nurse bliss, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002 34).When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices gainsay the universe of discourse of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care team are more likely to support fulfilment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001118).ConclusionAs an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates surprise particularly when the nurse is set about with a dilemma that conflicts between her own(prenominal) values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring144). Nurses must therefore act in consonance with the practice standards and law of morality in coordination with her own values. harangue up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting as the patients advocate particularly during the perioperative phase.This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions harmonise to ethical principle and values. She should articulate up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to chip in oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has any problems with this, she can choose a field that may not agree her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy procreation for nurses starts within the confines of the treat education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her offbeat w hich is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 199518). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethical issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be happy to recognize the patients rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using good communication skills.Related essay Ati RN Community Health Online Practice 2016 BWorks CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative treat (3rd ed.) Aspen Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric treat 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). ethical motive in perioperative practice handicraft to self. AORN daybook 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with informative Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy An essential part of quality nursing care. world-wide Nursing reexamine 43, 142-144.Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication sectionalisation or ideal speech situation The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursing Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). captain research Nurse-physician relationships Impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. American Journal of Nursing 10, 26-34.Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040.Perioperative nursingPerioperative nurses take the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of surgical patients before, during and after his surgery. The nurses decisions during this period of the patients institutionalization are based on universal moral principles. As the patients advocate or representative during this crucial period, the nurse ensures the quality and continuity of care that a surgical patient needs.This is simply based on the premise that patients during this period cannot functionally and actively participate, decide and monitor the regimen of care that best suits them particularly during and after sedation. Often, Perioperative nurses are faced with decisions necessary when caring for surgical patients. They are therefore necessarily prepared to recognize that soon ethical dilemmas will occur and the nurse must take appropriate courses of action through responsible nursing decisions. Not only are they expected to make clinical and technical decisions but also ethically and morally sound decisions suitable for the treatment of their patient.In a daily encounter and exchange with the patient, nurses often have the potential to develop relationships with their patients based on trust. Patients trust that nurses will support and follow through with any concerns or issues that have been discussed ((Seifert, 2002 306). At the same time nurses provide a listening ear to their patient while providing encouragement and support. Likewise, nurses are provided with the opportunity to learn and gather information essential to the health concerns of their patients including fears and apprehensions. This provides an ample opportunity for nurses to exact information that could be relayed to physicians and other family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment acceptable to the patient. Base on the parameter of therapeutic use of self, nurses are encouraged to maintain a professional and therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996 186).The Nurses RoleWithin the framework of the nursing process, nurses work in collaboration with the other health team members in order to achieve desir able patient outcomes (AORN, 200416). They are enjoined to use the tools of the nursing process to meet the needs of the patient undergoing invasive procedures. Although much of the practice involves technicalities, the patient is still the main focus of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The goal is still to provide care and support for the patient and for their families (Spry, 20053). As the perioperative nurse, one is likewise expected to assist the patient and their families in making sound decisions to meet the overall desired outcome of wellness after surgery and a healthy return to normal life. Along the lines of perioperative nursing, care is provided in various settings based on three major aspects of providing direct care coordinating comprehensive care and educating patient and their families (Spry3).The impact of illness particularly when invasive procedures are due usually limits the patients individual autonomy and ability to make decisions , thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful position. Patients and family members often feel helpless in a health care setting how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is therefore vulnerable at this stage so the role of the nurse as an advocate for the patient is stressed as vital to patient care. It would most likely help the patient and his family t know that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure ensure a continuous assessment of care for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patients needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral agent of the patient, must therefore be ready and be able to act and advocate for the patients needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurses role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and likewise support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a responsibility in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care professionals her main ethical duty is the prevention of a potential injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1980 2039).Nurses in general and in particular perioperative nurses must act as an advocate for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, professional and ethical care particularly during the perioperative phase when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not equipped to understand the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an advocate for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the duty of the nurse to provide patients with ethical care they ought to rec eive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses safetyIt is therefore another vital job of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an environment that fosters ethical behavior. As a duty to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning experience, maintaining competence, and promoting personal and professional values, supports the establishment and maintenance of an ethical workplace (Seifert, 2002306). Nurses must be able to establish, maintain, and improve the work environment and maintain an ability to preserve their integrity and moral self respect.Other virtues and excellence of character like loyalty and honesty further promote nurses abilities to fulfill moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral person to behave in an ethical manner (ANA, Sec.20). The environment strongly influences in the acquisition of virtues and excellence that may support or impedeethical behavior. Certain policies, procedures and posi tion often help in influencing behavior that can affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become inconsistent with a nurse job like mandatory overtime can greatly become an impediment to an employees ethical performance.When nurses are exposed under a strong foundation of ethical practice, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to identify activities and interventions that help her achieve specific patient outcome but also link her actions t ethical behavior. Most set standards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and view them as a normal practice essential to improve unethical and unsafe practices within her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment wi ll likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. Potential hazards, risks, and unsafe conditions abound in the surgical arena where constant distractions, excessive noise, hasty reviews of patient records, and frequent interruptions can produce situations where the likelihood of error increases. It is always right to alert physicians and others within the health team of any unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that can lead to an active error like sending the wrong patient for surgery patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened approach to this error is to replace blame and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001117).Facing Ethical DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or potential for injury, and this situation may arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma facing nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a solution of how they can be effective advocate s for patients without compromising their working identity or facing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral alignment with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital. The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patients advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient advocates (Kohnke, 19802040). In instances such as clarifying consent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 20053). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all cases may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002309).The nurses role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patients autonomy or his right to choose freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patients decision. One of the fundamental duties of nurs ing is to promote and defend patients rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996142). The act of suppressing an individuals rights serves as the catalyst response of the nurse to act as the patients advocate which is her second role. If advocacy implies mouth up for someone, then it is her duty to speak up for the welfare and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an identifiable problem because not all nurses are comfortable with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations the nurse may not have a level of experience or communication skills that will facilitate advocacy they may not be empowered as related to a restrictive care environment or they just may not have a level of understanding about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause coupled with disruptive physician behavior institutional responses to such behavior and the effects o f such behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002 34). When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices challenge the creation of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care team are more likely to support fulfillment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001118).ConclusionAs an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates confusion particularly when the nurse is faced with a dilemma that conflicts between her personal values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring144). Nurses must therefore act in accordance with the practice standards and code of ethics in coordination with her own values. Speaking up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting as the patients advocate particularly during the perioperative phase. This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions according to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has any problems with this, she can choose a field that may not compromise her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy training for nurses starts within the confines of the nursing education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her well-being which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 199518). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethical issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be trained to recognize the patients rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using effective communication skills.Works CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative Nursing (3rd ed.) Aspen Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric Nursing 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). Ethics in perioperative practice Duty to self. AORN Journal 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advoc acy An essential part of quality nursing care. International Nursing Review 43, 142-144.Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication breakdown or ideal speech situation The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursing Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). Original research Nurse-physician relationships Impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. American Journal of Nursing 10, 26-34.Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040.Perioperative nursingPerioperative nurses take the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of surgical patients before, during and after his surgery. The nurses decisions during this period of the patients institutionalization are based on universal moral principles. As the patients adv ocate or representative during this crucial period, the nurse ensures the quality and continuity of care that a surgical patient needs.This is simply based on the premise that patients during this period cannot functionally and actively participate, decide and monitor the regimen of care that best suits them particularly during and after sedation. Often, Perioperative nurses are faced with decisions necessary when caring for surgical patients. They are therefore necessarily prepared to recognize that soon ethical dilemmas will occur and the nurse must take appropriate courses of action through responsible nursing decisions. Not only are they expected to make clinical and technical decisions but also ethically and morally sound decisions suitable for the treatment of their patient.In a daily encounter and exchange with the patient, nurses often have the potential to develop relationships with their patients based on trust. Patients trust that nurses will support and follow through wi th any concerns or issues that have been discussed ((Seifert, 2002 306). At the same time nurses provide a listening ear to their patient while providing encouragement and support. Likewise, nurses are provided with the opportunity to learn and gather information essential to the health concerns of their patients including fears and apprehensions. This provides an ample opportunity for nurses to exact information that could be relayed to physicians and other family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment acceptable to the patient. Base on the parameter of therapeutic use of self, nurses are encouraged to maintain a professional and therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996 186).The Nurses RoleWithin the framework of the nursing process, nurses work in collaboration with the other health team members in order to achieve desirable patient outcomes (AORN, 200416). They are enjoined to use the tools of the nursing process to meet the needs of the patient undergoing invasive procedures. Although much of the practice involves technicalities, the patient is still the main focus of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The goal is still to provide care and support for the patient and for their families (Spry, 20053). As the perioperative nurse, one is likewise expected to assist the patient and their families in making sound decisions to meet the overall desired outcome of wellness after surgery and a healthy return to normal life. Along the lines of perioperative nursing, care is provided in various settings based on three major aspects of providing direct care coordinating comprehensive care and educating patient and their families (Spry3).The impact of illness particularly when invasive procedures are due usually limits the patients individual autonomy and ability to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful position. Patients and family members ofte n feel helpless in a health care setting how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is therefore vulnerable at this stage so the role of the nurse as an advocate for the patient is stressed as vital to patient care. It would most likely help the patient and his family t know that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure ensure a continuous assessment of care for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patients needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral agent of the patient, must therefore be ready and be able to act and advocate for the patients needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurses role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and likewise support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a responsibility in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care professionals her main ethical duty is the prevention of a potential injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1980 2039).Nurses in general and in particular perioperative nurses must act as an advocate for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, professional and ethical care particularly during the perioperative phase when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not equipped to understand the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an advocate for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the duty of the nurse to provide patients with ethical care they ought to receive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses safetyIt is th erefore another vital job of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an environment that fosters ethical behavior. As a duty to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning experience, maintaining competence, and promoting personal and professional values, supports the establishment and maintenance of an ethical workplace (Seifert, 2002306). Nurses must be able to establish, maintain, and improve the work environment and maintain an ability to preserve their integrity and moral self respect.Other virtues and excellence of character like loyalty and honesty further promote nurses abilities to fulfill moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral person to behave in an ethical manner (ANA, Sec.20). The environment strongly influences in the acquisition of virtues and excellence that may support or impedeethical behavior. Certain policies, procedures and position often help in influencing behavior that can affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become inconsistent with a nurse job like mandatory overtime can greatly become an impediment to an employees ethical performance.When nurses are exposed under a strong foundation of ethical practice, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to identify activities and interventions that help her achieve specific patient outcome but also link her actions t ethical behavior. Most set standards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and view them as a normal practice essential to improve unethical and unsafe practices within her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. Potential hazards, risks, and unsafe conditi ons abound in the surgical arena where constant distractions, excessive noise, hasty reviews of patient records, and frequent interruptions can produce situations where the likelihood of error increases. It is always right to alert physicians and others within the health team of any unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that can lead to an active error like sending the wrong patient for surgery patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened approach to this error is to replace blame and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001117).Facing Ethical DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or potential for injury, and this situation may arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma facing nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a solution of how they can be effective advocates for patients without compromising their working identity or facing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral alignment with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital. The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patients advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient advocates (Kohnke, 19802040). In instances such as clarifying consent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 20053). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all cases may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002309).The nurses role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patients autonomy or his right to choose freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patients decision. One of the fundamental duties of nursing is to promote and defend patients rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996142). The act of suppressi ng an individuals rights serves as the catalyst response of the nurse to act as the patients advocate which is her second role. If advocacy implies speaking up for someone, then it is her duty to speak up for the welfare and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an identifiable problem because not all nurses are comfortable with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations the nurse may not have a level of experience or communication skills that will facilitate advocacy they may not be empowered as related to a restrictive care environment or they just may not have a level of understanding about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause coupled with disruptive physician behavior institutional responses to such behavior and the effects of such behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002 34). When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices challenge the creation of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care team are more likely to support fulfillment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001118).ConclusionAs an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates confusion particularly when the nurse is faced with a dilemma that conflicts between her personal values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring144). Nurses must therefore act in accordance with the practice standards and code of ethics in coordination with her own values. Speaking up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting a s the patients advocate particularly during the perioperative phase. This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions according to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has any problems with this, she can choose a field that may not compromise her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy training for nurses starts within the confines of the nursing education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her well-being which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 199518). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethic al issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be trained to recognize the patients rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using effective communication skills.Works CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative Nursing (3rd ed.) Aspen Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric Nursing 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). Ethics in perioperative practice Duty to self. AORN Journal 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy An essential part of quality nursing care. International Nursing Review 43, 142-144.Gaylord, N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication breakdown or ideal speech situation The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursing Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). Original research Nurse-physician relationships Impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. American Journal of Nursing 10, 26-34.Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040.